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Topic 2: The Endocrine System 2.1 Systems of chemical mediation and communication 2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 1) 2.2 A comparison of endocrine and exocrine cells (Part 2) Figure 3.12: Exocytosis, p. 78. Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane SNARE Vesicle SNARE Molecules to be secreted Secretory vesicle Cytoplasm (a) (b) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Figure 3.13: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, p. 79. Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm Clathrincoated pit Ingested substance Exocytosis of vesicle contents Clathrin protein Cytoplasm Bacterium or other particle Clathrin protein Pseudopod (b) Phagocytosis Endosome Uncoated vesicle 3 Transcytosis 2 To lysosome Uncoating for digestion Uncoated and release vesicle of contents fusing with endosome (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Extracellular fluid Recycling of membrane and receptors (if present) to plasma membrane 1 Detachment of clathrincoated vesicle ClathrinPlasma coated membrane vesicle Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Membrane receptor Clathrin protein (c) Receptor-mediated endocytosis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 2.3 The major endocrine glands and tissues in humans Figure 16.3: PIP second-messenger mechanism of amino acid-based hormones, p. 608. Extracellular fluid Hormone DAG 1 4 2 Receptor Gq Catecholamines TRH ADH GnRH Oxytocin GTP 3 GTP GTP GDP 5 IP3 Phospholipase C Inactive protein kinase C Triggers responses of target cell 5 Endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Active protein kinase C PIP2 6 Ca2+ Ca2+-calmodulin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 2.4 The hypothalamus 2.5 The pituitary gland 2.6 Hypothalamic communication with the anterior and posterior pituitary 2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 1) 2.7 The thyroid gland (Part 2) Figure 23.20 2.8 The pancreas (Part 1) Six primary hormones produced by the pancreas: 1. Insulin - causes cells in the liver, muscle and fat to uptake gluclose from the blood to store as glycogen in muscle and liver. 2. Glucagon – released when blood glucose levels are too low , causing the liver to convert stores of glycogen into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream 3. Somatostatin - suppresses the release of various gastrointestinal hormones. 4. Ghrelin – hunger stimulating hormone 5. Pancreatic polypeptide – regulates secretion of the endocrine and exocrine chemicals of the pancreas. In humans , secretion is increased after a protein meal, fasting, exercise. 6. Amylin - functions as a synergistic partner to insulin, but seems to be more intimately involved in determination of the glycemic index than insulin in readings related to A1C. 2.8 The pancreas (Part 2) Alpha cells will produce glucagon. Beta cells will produce insulin and amylin. Delta cells will produce somatostatin PP cells will produce pancreatic polypeptide. Epsilon cells will produce ghrelin. 2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 1) 2.9 The adrenal glands (Part 2) 2.10 The pineal gland (Part 1) 2.10 The pineal gland (Part 2) This is the point where we have concluded Chapter 2 materials relevant to lecture exam #1. The remainder of the materials that follows will be part of lecture exam #2. Figure 27.1 Figure 27.3a 2.11 The testes Figure 27.11 Figure 27.12a Figure 27.12b Figure 27.14a 2.12 The ovaries (Part 1) 2.12 The ovaries (Part 2) 2.13 Protein and peptide hormone receptors 2.14 A tyrosine kinase receptor Active site Amino acids + Enzyme (E) Substrates (S) Enzyme-substrate complex (E-S) H2O Free enzyme (E) Peptide bond Internal rearrangements leading to catalysis Dipeptide product (P) Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7e by Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. 2.15 A G protein 2.16 Signal amplification by second messengers 2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 1) 2.20 Known amino acid sequences of releasing hormones (Part 2) 2.21 Primary structures of species-specific forms of GnRH 2.23 Primary structure of the nonapeptides secreted by the posterior pituitary 2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 1) Figure 27.17 2.25 Milk letdown is mediated by oxytocin (Part 2) 2.26 Thyroid hormone synthesis 2.28 Steroid chemical structure and nomenclature 2.29 Steroid hormone receptors are generally located in the cytosol or nucleus of a cell 2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 1) 2.30 Biochemical pathways in steroid formation (Part 2) 2.31 Androgens (Part 1) 2.31 Androgens (Part 2) 2.32 Estrogens (Part 1) 2.32 Estrogens (Part 2) 2.33 Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are catecholamines 2.35 Models of negative and positive feedback 2.36 Negative feedback Box 2.1(A) Life cycle of the silkworm moth Box 2.2 The Discovery of Secretin