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MLAB 1415- Hematology Keri Brophy-Martinez Chapter 7: Leukocytes Part One Terms Myelopoiesis the production and development of myeloid cells in the bone marrow Also known as granulocytopoiesis Leukocytes Function Protect the host from infectious agents or pathogens Innate=Natural Immune response 1st response to pathogens (nonself) Always available Neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophage main players Adaptive Immune response Starts in lymphoid tissue Slow Long-lasting immunity (memory) Lymphocytes become “activated” Common Lymphoid progenito r= CLP Common Myeloid Progenitor= CMP Neutrophils Neutrophil Lifespan Three areas Bone marrow Peripheral blood Differentiation, proliferation, maturation Circulate for a few hours Tissues Work in host defense Regulation Neutrophil production primarily regulated by cytokines Interleukin-3 Granulocyte -monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) Maturation Changes Nucleoli disappear Chromatin condenses Nuclear mass indents and segments Cytoplasm becomes granular & pinkens Seg Band Maturation of the granulocytic series **Least mature to mature** Myeloblast Size: 14-20µm Cytoplasm Nucleus Slight amount/blue No granules (possible Auer rods to be discussed in another section) Round/Central or eccentric Reddish purple 1-3 nucleoli Fine meshlike/lacy chromatin with no clumping N:C ratio = 4:1 Maturation of the granulocytic series Promyelocyte (progranulocyte) Size: 15-21 µm Cytoplasm Increased amount/blue Fine, azurophilic, nonspecific granules present Nucleus Round/Central or eccentric Reddish-purple Fine, meshlike/lacy chromatin beginning to clump 1-2 nucleoli N:C ratio = 3:1 Maturation of the granulocytic series Myelocyte Last myeloid cell capable of division Size: 12-18µm Cytoplasm Nucleus Increased, bluish-pink (“dawning of neutrophilia”) Fine specific granules Secretory vesicles Round or oval/eccentric Reddish-purple Chromatin loosely clumped No nucleolus N:C ratio = 2:1 or 1:1 Maturation of the granulocytic series Metamyelocyte Also called “meta” or “juvenile” Size: 10-18µm Cytoplasm Nucleus Moderate amount Specific granules (neutrophilic, eosinophilic or basophilic) Tertiary granules Secretory vesicles Indented (kidney-bean shaped) Central or eccentric Purple Clumped chromatin No nucleolus N:C ratio = 1:1 Maturation of the granulocytic series Band 1st stage found in P.B Size: 9-15µm Cytoplasm Moderate amount Specific granules (see meta) Nucleus Elongated, narrow band (sausage) shape with uniform thickness Central or eccentric Clumped, coarsely granular chromatin Maturation of the granulocytic series Segmented neutrophil Size: 10-16µm Cytoplasm Neutrophil - Granules stain equally with eosin and methylene blue, causing a pinkish appearance Normal in circulation = 40 - 80% Nucleus Neutrophil - purplish-red, clumped granular chromatin, 2-5 distinct nuclear lobes connected by a filament of chromatin Eosinophil Eosinophil - Granules stain mainly red, due to reaction with eosin in stain Normal in circulation = 0-5% Eosinophil - deep blue purple, coarsely granular chromatin, 2 distinct lobes Eosinophil Basophil Basophil - Granules stain mainly blue, due to the reaction with methylene blue in stain Normal in circulation = 01% Mast cell is a tissue basophil Basophil - deep blue purple, coarsely granular chromatin, 2 nuclear lobes (sometimes obscured by cytoplasmic granules Basophil Function of the granulocytic cells Neutrophils Eosinophils Defense against bacterial infections Regulate inflammation Respond to antigenic stimulation in chronic allergies Interact with larval stages of some helminthic parasites Basophils Histamine in granules plays a role in acute, systemic allergic reactions (sudden release of histamine can cause anaphylactic shock) Granules also contain heparin Granulocytes: A Final Thought Why are they called granulocytes? The granules are lysosomes created by lipids that contain hydrolytic enzymes such as peroxidase, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and specific esterase. References Harmening, D. M. (2009). Clinical Hematology and Fundamentals of Hemostasis. Philadelphia: F.A Davis. McKenzie, S. B., & Williams, J. L. (2010). Clinical Laboratory Hematology . Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.