Download WHITE BLOOD CELLS The white blood cells are divided into two

WHITE BLOOD CELLS
The white blood cells are divided into two tow groups:
1- The phagocytes, which includes granulocutes:
A. Neutrophil (polymorphs).
B. Eosinophil.
C. Basophil.
D. Monocyte.
2- The immunocytes which include the lymphocytes.
The normal count of the WBC is 4000-11,000 in adults.
Leukocytosis is increased WBC number.
Leucopenia is decreased WBC number.
1- Granulocytes:
This cell has a characteristic dense nucleus consisting of between twofive lobes, and a pale cytoplasm with many fine pink-blue (azurophilic)
granules.
Neutrophil precursors:
Myeloblast gives rise by cell division to promeylocyte which is slightly
larger cell and has developed primary granules in the cytoplasm, we can
see the nucleoli. These cells produce myelocytes which have secondary
granules. The nuclear chromatin is now condensed and nucleoli are not
visible. This cell will be differentiated into neutrophil, basophil or
eosinophil.
1. Neutrophilia: is increased neutrophil number in the blood.
Causes of neutrophilia:
1. Bacterial infection.
2. Inflammations.
3. Burns.
4. Myocardial infarction.
5. Sever haemolysis.
6. Malignancy.
2- Eosinophil: is similar to neutrophil is size, but the cytoplasmic
granules are coarser and more deeply red staining with two or three
nuclear lobes.
Eosinophilia: is increased eosinophil number in the blood.
Causes of eosinophilia:
1. Allergy.
2. Asthma.
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3. Parasitic infection.
4. Skin infection.
5. Hodgkin's disease.
3- Basophil:
Have many dark big cytoplasmic granules which overlie the nucleus,
and contain histamine and heparin. These can be seen occasionally in
peripheral blood.
Basophilia: is increased Basophil number in the blood.
Causes of basophilia:
1. Chickenpox.
2. Typhoid fever.
3. Measles.
4. Chronic myeloid leukemia.
4- Monocytes:
They are larger than other peripheral blood cells, and possess a large
central kidney-shape nucleus, with clumped chromatin. The abundant
cytoplasm stains blue and contains many fine granules.
Monocytosis: increased monocyte number in the blood.
Causes of monocytosis:
1. Tuberculosis.
2. Parasitic infection (Malaria).
3. Monocytic Leukemia.
4. Brucellosis.
5- Lymphocytes:
Produce from the Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus and spleen. It is
small cell.
Lymphocytosis: increased lymphocyte number in the blood.
Causes:
Viral infection.
Infectious mononucleosis.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Normal Values:
1. Neutrophil: 2.0-7.5X109/l (40-75%).
2. Eosinophil: 0.04-0.4 X 109/l (1-6%).
3. Basophil: 0.02-0.1 X 109/l ( 0-2%)
4. Monocyte: 0.2-0.8X109/l (2-10 %)
5. Lymphocyte: 1.5-4.0X109/l (20-45%).
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