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The Immune System The Immune System First lines of defense: •Skin •Mucus •Stomach acid •Digestive enzymes Innate Immunity •Phagocytic cells –Leukocytes (“white cells”) –Lymphocytes (“lymph cells”) –Macrophages (“big eaters”) –Natural killer cells (attack infected or cancerous body cells) Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity Innate Immunity •Inflammation –Redness and swelling •Interferon –Released by infected cells, signals neighboring cells to prepare for invasion Acquired Immunity •Lymphocytes –B cells and T cells •Antibodies –Immunoglobulins Acquired Immunity Antigens are foreign molecules that elicit an immune response Acquired Immunity Antigens are foreign molecules that elicit an immune response. Acquired Immunity B cells have antigen receptors that recognize intact antigens. B Acquired Immunity T cells have antigen receptors for fragments of antigens. B T Acquired Immunity Each lymphocyte recognizes one and only one antigen. B T Acquired Immunity •Lymphocytes are made in the bone marrow •B cells mature in the bone marrow •T cells go to the thymus before maturing. Acquired Immunity •Genes in lymphocytes are randomly, permanently rearranged to produce over ten million different antigen receptors •The ones that react to “self” are destroyed. Acquired Immunity Two kinds of immune response: Humoral Defends against toxins or pathogens outside of cells Cell-mediated or cytotoxic Destroys infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells Humoral Immune Response Here come the germs… Humoral Immune Response Here come the germs… Humoral Immune Response 1. A macrophage or a dendritic cell engulfs one of the invading bacteria Humoral Immune Response 1. A macrophage or a dendritic cell engulfs one of the invading bacteria. Humoral Immune Response 2. The macrophage displays broken up bits of the antigen bound to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Humoral Immune Response 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen fragments and is activated Humoral Immune Response 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen fragments and is activated Humoral Immune Response 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen fragments and is activated Humoral Immune Response 3. A helper T cell recognizes the antigen fragments and is activated. Humoral Immune Response 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds to it Humoral Immune Response 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds to it Humoral Immune Response 4. A B cell also recognizes the antigen and binds to it. Humoral Immune Response 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell and secretes cytokines to activate it Humoral Immune Response 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell and secretes cytokines to activate it Humoral Immune Response 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell and secretes cytokines to activate it Humoral Immune Response 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell and secretes cytokines to activate it Humoral Immune Response 5. An activated helper T cell binds to the B cell and secretes cytokines to activate it Humoral Immune Response 6. The activated B cell divides to make two kinds of cells: Humoral Immune Response -Plasma cells make antibodies Humoral Immune Response Plasma cells (effector cells) make antibodies Humoral Immune Response Memory cells wait for the next invasion. Humoral Immune Response 7. Antibodies bind to antigens. Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: neutralization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: neutralization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: neutralization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: agglutinization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: agglutinization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: agglutinization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: agglutinization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: agglutinization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: compliment fixation Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Humoral Immune Response There are four ways that antibodies work: opsonization Cell Mediated Immune Response Cell Mediated Immune Response Here come the germs… Cell Mediated Immune Response A cell is infected Cell Mediated Immune Response A cell is infected Cell Mediated Immune Response 1. A cell is infected. Cell Mediated Immune Response 2. Antigens are displayed on the cell surface bound to MHC. Cell Mediated Immune Response 3. A cytotoxic T cell (“killer T cell”) binds to the antigens Cell Mediated Immune Response 3. A cytotoxic T cell (“killer T cell”) binds to the antigens Cell Mediated Immune Response 3. A cytotoxic T cell (“killer T cell”) binds to the antigens. Cell Mediated Immune Response 4. Binding activates the T cell, which releases lytic enzymes. Cell Mediated Immune Response 5. Lytic enzymes destroy the cell (“apoptosis”) Cell Mediated Immune Response 5. Lytic enzymes destroy the cell (“apoptosis”) Cell Mediated Immune Response 6. T cell can now attack other target cells. Cell Mediated Immune Response Cancer cells will also display antigens that bind with killer T cells. Immunity in Health and Disease Immunity in Health and Disease Active vs. passive immunity. Immunity in Health and Disease Rejection of transplanted tissue Immunity in Health and Disease Rejection of transplanted tissue Graft vs. host reaction. Immunity in Health and Disease Allergies Immunity in Health and Disease Autoimmune diseases Immunity in Health and Disease Immunodeficiency diseases