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Lymphatic System Definition ● the system which transports lymph, which carries white blood cells, toxins, waste, and unwanted material. Lymphatic System Functions ● removes interstitial fluid ● transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes in bone ● antigen presenting cells are present Lymphatic pathways begin as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels Lymphatic Vessels ● carry lymph; formed by merging of lymphatic capillaries ● walls similar to veins, only thinner, and possess valves prevent backflow of lymph ● larger lymphatic vessels lead to lymph nodes and then merge into lymphatic trunks *empty into the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct Lymph ● colorless fluid containing white blood cells ● 90% water and 10% solutes (proteins, cellular waste products, dissolved gases, and hormones) ● bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream Lymph Continued... ● similar to plasma; has lower concentration of proteins F(x): 1. returns smaller protein molecules and fluid to blood 2. transports foreign particles to lymph nodes Lymphatic Capillaries ● Characteristics: microscopic closed-ended tubes ● Location: everywhere in the body except in non-vascular tissue (ex. bone) ● F(x): receive tissue fluid through their thin walls; drain and process extracellular fluid Lymphatic Capillaries Continued... ● Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine ● F(x): absorb fats/transport fat to venous circulation *chyle special lymph containing proteins and fats Lymphatic vs. Blood Capillaries Difference: 1.originate as blind pockets 2.larger diameter 3.thinner walls 4.have flattened/irregular outline Major Lymph-Collecting Vessels ● Superficial lymphatics and deep lymphatics collect lymph from lymphatic capillaries ● Deep lymphatics are larger lymphatic vessels; found in deep arteries/veins ● Converge to form even larger vessels called lymphatic trunks Lymphatic Trunks ● drain lymph from the lymphatic vessels ● named for regions they serve Principle Lymphatic Trunks a. lumbar b. intestinal c. bronchomediastinal d. subclavian e. jugular f. intercostal ● pass their lymph into venous blood by joining one of two collecting ducts Lymphatic Ducts ● trunks lead to two collecting ducts-the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct ● collecting ducts join the subclavian veins ● after leaving two collecting ducts, lymph enters the venous system and becomes part of plasma Thoracic Duct ● larger and longer of the two collecting ducts ● collects almost all of the lymph that circulates throughout the body ● drains lymph from intestinal lumbar, and intercostal trunks, as well as from the left subclavian vein near junction of right jugular vein Right Lymphatic Duct ● originates in right thorax at union of right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks ● about 1.25 cm long ● drains lymphatic fluid from the right thoracic cavity, the right arm, and from the right side of the neck and the head Lymph Flow ● under low pressure ● may not flow readily without external aid ● moved by the contractions of skeletal ● muscles and low pressure in the thorax created breathing movements Factors Affecting Lymph Flow ● hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid drives lymphs into lymphatic capillaries ● muscular activity influences movement ● Physical exercise Obstruction of Lymph Movement ● obstruction of lymph flow results in edema ● surgical removal of lymph nodes causes edema in the affected area *Edema is the swelling of the lymph nodes Lymphocytes ● Three classes of lymphocytes o o o T Cells (thymus-dependent) B Cells (bone marrow-derived) NK cells (natural killer) T Cells ● approximate 80% of lymphocytes are classified as T Cells ● T Cells include: o o o Cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Suppressor T cells T Cells- Cytotoxic T Cells ● destroy target cell on contact ● attack foreign cells or body cells infected by virus ● direct contact ● primarily involved in production of cellmediated immunity T Cells- Helper T Cells ● stimulate activation and function of both T cells and B cells ● Helper T (TH1) cell: activates cell-mediated immunity: macrophages, CD8 T cells, and natural killer cells ● Helper T (TH2) cell: stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM and IgE T Cells- Suppressor T cells ● inhibit activation and function of both T cells and B cells ● close down the immune response after invading organisms are destroyed ● release their own lymphokines after an immune response has achieved its goal, signaling all other participants to cease their attack B Cells ● account for 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes ● B cells can differentiate in to plasma cells ● produce antibodies (proteins) necessary to fight off infections while other B cells mature into memory B cells Plasma Cells ● production and secretion of of antibodies (soluble proteins; aka immunoglobulins) ● antibody: chemical that attaches to the antigen in order to sterilize or kill the cell. ● Proteins bind to specific chemical targets called antigens Antigens ● chemical target ● can be pathogens or foreign compounds ● mostly proteins, but some lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids can also stimulate antibody production ● antibody+antigen=destruction of target compound or organism NK Cells ● 5-10% of lymphocytes ● aka large granular lymphocytes ● attack: o o o foreign cells normal cells infected with viruses cancer cells that appear in normal tissues ● immunological surveillance Macrophage “King of Phagocytes” ● Macrophages engulf and digest debris (like dead cells) and foreign particles ● phagocytosis ● cannot identify specific targets ● considered part of the innate immune response Memory Cells ● some T-cells and Bcells turn into Memory T-cells and Memory Bcells ● remember the virus or bacteria they just fought ● help make antibodies Lymphoid Tissue Identify cells and organs make up the lymphatic system, ex: white blood cells (leukocytes), bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes lymphoid nodule densely packed in an area of areolar tissue germinal center contains lymphocytes Lymphoid Tissue Continued MALT: mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; collection of lymphoid tissues linked with the digestive system Large nodules in the walls of the pharynx called tonsils; pharyngeal, palatine, lingual Location throughout body Function helps protect it from bacteria and other foreign entities. Lymphoid Organs Afferent lymphatics cary lymph node from peripheral tissues Efferent lymphatics are attached to the lymph node at the hilus deep cortex dominated by Tcells; outer cortex medulla contain B Cell Lymphoid Organs Continued... Reticular epithelial cells scattered among the lymphocytes produce thymic hormones red pulp contains large numbers of red blood cells/ white pulp resembles lymphoid nodules Lymph Nodes ● oval-shaped organ of the lymphatic system ● distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach and linked by lymphatic vessels ● Lymph nodes are major sites of B, T, and other immune cells Lymph Nodes Cont. ● proper functioning of the immune system, act as filters for foreign particles and cancer cells. ● lymph nodes are small ranging in diameter from 1 to 25mm ● Blood vessels and nerves attack to the lymph node at the hilus Primary Lymph Nodes Examples of Lymph Nodes ● Cervical Region ● Axillary region ● Supraclavicular ● Pelvic ● Submandibular ● occipital Thymus ● ● ● ● stores immature lymphocytes mature into T-cells located in chest above heart pink and grainy consistency; thymic lobes; septae fibrous partitions that originate at the capsule, divide lobes into lobule ● Hassall’s corpuscles ● thymosin in thymus controls immunological defenses Tonsils ● large clusters of lymphatic cells ● swell when fighting infection ● rear of pharynx Spleen ● contains largest lymphoid tissue ● removes abnormal cells via phagocytosis ● stores iron and recycles blood cells ● begins process of immune response by B and T cells in response of circulating antigens lymphopoiesis ● the formation of lymphocytes is different for each cell T cell ● formed in bone marrow ● migrate to cortex of thymus to mature B cell ● forms in bone marrow ● matures in bone marrow then migrates to lymphoid tissue ● introduced to antigen and is then activated NK cell ● lack antigen receptor ● developed in bone marrow ● after maturation migrate to blood ● kill abnormal cells dendritic cell ● antigen present ● produced throughout the body but mainly bone marrow ● released into blood Fluid Formation ● originates from plasma ● includes water and dissolved substances that have passed through capillary wall ● lacks proteins ● as protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, colloid osmotic pressure increases Fluid Formation Continued... ● formed when interstitial fluid is present ● collected from lymph capillaries ● interstitial fluid secreted from all body organs ● diffusion allows water and solutes to pass from fluid to blood ● transported to lymph vessels/nodes Fluid Formation Continued... ● lymph emptied out into subclavian vein ● enter blood stream and carry out functions Lymph Formation ● increasing hydrostatic pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries ● lymph formation prevents accumulation of excess tissue fluid (edema) Properties of Immunity ● lymphocytes provide immunity through: specificity versatility memory tolerance *memory cells allow immune system to remember previous target antigens o o o o Tolerance: ability to ignore some antigens Specific Immune Response ● involves innate immunity or acquired immunity o genetically determined and present at birth ● Active immunity o appears after exposure to antigen ● Passive immunity o produced by the transfer of antibodies from another source Specific Immune Response Continued... ● Called when nonspecific immune response is not enough ● Macrophages a. Eat foreign invaders. b. Inform T Lymphocytes when a specific antigen is present Specific Immune Response Continued... ● Helper T Cells - produce and secrete Chemicals a. promote large numbers of effector and memory cells ● Cytotoxic T cells - t lymphocytes that eliminate infected body and tumor cell ● B Cells - produce antibodies B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity ● The humoral response (or antibody‐mediated response) ● involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood (“humor” is a medieval term for body fluid). T Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity ● The cell‐mediated response involves mostly T cells and responds to any cell that displays aberrant MHC markers, including cells invaded by pathogens, tumor cells, or transplanted cells. Antibody- and Cell-Mediated Immunity Allergies ● excessive immune responses to allergens o antigens that trigger allergic reactions ● four types of allergies are (Type I) immediate hypersensitivity o (Type II) cytotoxic reactions o (Type III) immune complex disorders o (Type IV) delayed hypersensitivity o ● anaphylaxis: circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body Hormones of the Immune System ● Interleukins o o o increase T cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes stimulate B cell activity, plasma cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production enhance nonspecific disease ● Interferons o o slow spread of virus synthesizing cell and neighbors resistant to viral infection Hormones of the Immune System Continued ● tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) o slow tumor growth and kill tumor cells ● Several lymphokines adjust activities of phagocytic cells to coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses Non-Specific Immune Responses ● prevent approach, deny the entrance, or limit spread of living or nonliving “hazards” ● Physical Barrier: hair, epithelia, secretions Non-Specific Responses Cont... ● Generalized responses; do not target a specific cell ● Phagocytes - eat foreign material to destroy them. ● Neutrophil - phagocytize bacteria ● Eosinophils - secrete enzymes to kill parasitic worms among other pathogens ● Macrophage - “big eaters” phagocytize just about anything Primary Innate Defenses Overview Interferons ● small proteins ● released by cells infected with viruses ● trigger production of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication in cell ● cytokines-chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities Complement ● 11 proteins make up complement system ● interact in chain reactions to: destroy target cell membranes o stimulate inflammation o attract phagocytes o enhance phagocytosis o ● Inflammation-coordinated nonspecific response to tissue injury Fever ● body temperature greater than 37.2 degrees C ● can inhibit pathogens and accelerate metabolic processes What is the difference Between the Cardiovascular and the Lymphatic System? Lymphatic System Cardiovascular System Similarities ● ● ● Blood Transportation Blood flow is continuous Blood circulation contains oxygen ● ● ● Both Systems carry out waste removal Both contain white blood cell Both have vessels and capillaries ● ● ● ● Flows in an only upward direction Contains Drainage areas Contains more white blood cells tonsils is a clump of lymphatic cells Works Cited "Lymphatic System." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation Inc., n.d. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lymphatic_system>. "Antibody- and Cell-Mediated Immunity." Antibody- and Cell-Mediated Immunity. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "Edema: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "5. Organs of the Immune System." 5. Organs of the Immune System. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses." Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "Immune and Lymphatic Systems." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. "An Introduction to Immunology and Immunopathology." AACI. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2015. "Lymph." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "Lymphocyte: Significance of Low Lyymphocyte (Lymphocytopenia) & High Lymphocyte Counts (Lymphocytosis) - MedFriendly.com." Lymphocyte: Significance of Low Lyymphocyte (Lymphocytopenia) & High Lymphocyte Counts (Lymphocytosis) MedFriendly.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. "Phagocytes - Boundless Open Textbook." Boundless. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. What Are the Organs of the Immune System? U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2015. Zimmermann, By Kim Ann. "Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 08 Feb. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2015.