* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download unconscious mind.
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral modernity wikipedia , lookup
Subfields of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Personality psychology wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
History of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Cross-cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Organizational behavior wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Classical conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Do Now: Why do you think we need to learn psychology? In the beginning… Psychology is as old as we are Trephination How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Plato and Democritus Epistemology How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? What makes the way we study Psych now different? Scientific Method How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Wilhelm Wundt Set of the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? How does one study the structures of the mind? Introspection How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? What is Introspection? Experiments based in Epistemology Wundt thought that is we train people to explain their thoughts in a scientific manner we may find truth Critics say it is like trying to examine a car by looking at all of its parts disconnected from one another. How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Wundt and Titchener Theory of Structuralism was developed from Introspection What do you think Structuralism is? How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Structuralism Our consciousness How it is organized into complex experiences How these experiences are related to physical events How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Time Out!!! Recap: Structuralism: – Elements of the mind (analysis through introspection) – Tear apart the elements of the mind and study them individually How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Beyond just the structures of the mind… William James The Principles of Psychology Influenced by Charles Darwin How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? James and Functionalism Can we separate the elements of the mind? James believed in a stream of consciousness: our consciousness is ever changing, never the same and can not be divided into parts. Behavior – Where does it fit? – What is its function? How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Functionalism How do people adapt to their environment? The function of our behaviors is survival. Our behaviors are significant. How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? Summary Why did structuralism die out? Is introspection a measurable process? Why or why not? What is the significance of what Functionalism calls our Stream of Consciousness? How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? What is context? Do Now:Paintings 1. How do these paintings make you feel? 2. Why do these paintings make you feel that way? How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? The Scream Edvard Munc Water Lilies Claude Mone What is the difference? Its not just the problem, but the context of the problem. Do you agree with this? Why or why not? How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? Redefining “lab” Wundt, the Father of Psychology, used a lab. What do you think Gestalt Psychologists used? Gestalt Psychologist observe people in the “real world” How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? Max Wertheimer Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into separate structures. Gestalt Psychology “The whole is different from the sum of its parts.” Our understanding of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements. How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? What do you see? How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? Summary In one sentence, explain how Gestalt Psychology is different from Structuralism and Functionalism. For Homework: Pick one perspective (Structuralism or Gestalt) and explain why you think it makes the most sense. How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism? Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? In pairs: Write a short story that involves a character who is trying to resolve a problem with a devil and an angel on his/her shoulder. Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid Freud and the Unconscious Mind Through psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind. Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Well, what is Psychoanalysis? Psychoanalysis is theory which explains human nature and is used as a method of treatment for psychological problems. Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Psychoanalysis is multifaceted Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Psychoanalysis is multifaceted Elements of Psychoanalysis: Our personalities are unique, and were developed early in our lives Our unconscious mind influences our thoughts and actions Our past shapes our future We are constantly developing throughout our lives Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? The Unconscious Mind The Id The Ego The Superego Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? The Unconscious Mind SUPEREGO ID Responds to stimuli Satisfies needs Aggressive Impulsive EGO “Balancer” Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Guilt Follows the rules Is “the law” Puts others above themselves Idish Fight all the time Careless with money Sexually aggressive Whine if they don’t get what they want Demanding Never satisfied Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Superegoed Guilty Paranoid Follow “the rules” Fearful Withdrawn Nervous Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? “Rugrats” What the following episode and determine which baby is which part of our unconscious mind. Id Ego Superego Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Summary In the cartoon “Rugrats”, which baby represented the Id? Ego? Superego? Why? Homework: Describe a time in your life that you were “idish” or “superegoed”. Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid? Nature versus Nurture Aim: Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Do Now: Describe the environment you grew up in. Time to share! Find a partner and share your Do Now answers. Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up in your partner’s environment? Why or why not? Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up during a different time period? Why or why not? Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Nature versus Nurture The Nature versus Nurture debate is multi-faceted and may never truly be answered. Why do you think this is? Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Dogs Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Classical Conditioning The Unconditional Stimulus is unconditional, natural, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Classical Conditioning continued… The Unconditioned Response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Classical Conditioning continued… The Conditioned Stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Classical Conditioning continued… The Conditioned Response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle. Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Pavlov’s Dogs Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? Pavlov’s Dogs Summary Unconditioned Stimulus = Food Unconditioned Response = Salivation Conditioned Stimulus = Bell Conditioned Response = Salivation Summary Analyze one of your behaviors to determine if you have been conditioned to act that way (nurture), or if you were born that way (nature). Is our personality determined by nature or nurture? How can Conditioning Impact Human Behavior? Do Now: Describe a time when you stop doing something because something bad happened when you were doing. For example: I stopped eating strawberries because one time I was eating one and fell of the kitchen chair. John B. Watson Behaviorism: Our actions, thoughts, and emotions are all behaviors. We can observe these behaviors scientifically, and change them to treat psychological disorders. Let’s read the article! How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Little Albert Experiment How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Little Albert Experiment Little Albert was given time to play with a rat. Little Albert enjoyed playing with the rat. The next time Little Albert was given the rat to play with, a loud noise was sounded behind him. From this point, each time Little Albert saw the rat, he would cry and turn away. How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Classical Conditioning and Little Albert Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise Unconditioned Response: Fear Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat Conditioned Response: Fear How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Can we reverse it? Desensitization: when a subject is reintroduced to the Conditioned Stimulus without the Unconditioned Stimulus in order to remove the Conditioned Response How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Um…is there a problem here? Why do you think the Little Albert Experiment is controversial? How can Conditioning impact human behavior? In Pairs In our “experiment” earlier, tell me what the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response How can Conditioning impact human behavior? Summary How can Classical Conditioning potentially help a patient? How can Conditioning impact human behavior? How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Do Now: Define the following words: 1. Positive 2. Negative B.F. Skinner Used Positive and Negative Reinforcement to develop his theory of Operant Conditioning. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Reinforcement B.F. Skinner developed Operant Conditioning which uses positive and negative reinforcement in order to get a desired behavior. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Positive Reinforcement When a reward is given after a desired behavior. Example: a child makes his bed and his mom gives him a piece of candy. The child making the bed is the desired behavior and the candy is the positive reinforcement How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Negative Reinforcement Taking away an adverse stimulus to increase a desired behavior. Example: There is always heavy traffic when I leave at 6:10, but if I leave at 5:55 there is no traffic. The heavy traffic is the adverse stimulus and my leaving at 5:55 is the negative reinforcement. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Another example for Negative Reinforcement A student has a hard time taking a test in a crowded and noisy room, so the teacher moves the student to another room. The crowded and noisy room is the negative stimulus, and the student doing well on the test is the desired behavior. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Punishment Negative Reinforcement is NOT a punishment. A punishment is when you add an undesirable stimulus in order to get a desired behavior. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Extinction When a behavior is weakened by lack of either a Positive or Negative Reinforcement. Example: When a student keeps raising their hand and the teacher does not call on her, or anybody else. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? The Skinner Box By shocking the rat until it pushed the bar, the rat was conditioned to perform a desired behavior using Negative Reinforcement. How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Summary Exit Slip: Answer the following questions: A police officer gives me a ticket for driving to fast. This is an example of what? How could the police officer use Positive Reinforcement to get me to drive the speed limit? How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior? Waves of Psychology Wave One: Introspection Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Wave Three: Psychoanalysis Wave Four: Behaviorism Wave Five: Multiple Perspectives – Humanism, Psychoanalytic, Biopsychology, Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Cognitive What are our Basic Human Needs? Do Now: With a partner fill in the following triangle with what you think are our basic human needs. The most basic and important need goes on the bottom. ____ _______ ___________ _______________ Group Activity Examine the needs on the handout, and determine the hierarchy of these needs. What are our Basic Human Needs? Our most Basic Human Need Physiological Needs Air Water Food Rest Human Touch What are our Basic Human Needs? Safety Security Structure Free from fear What are our Basic Human Needs? Belonging and Love Intimate love Fitting in a group Give love Receive love What are our Basic Human Needs? Esteem Self respect Respect from others Success Recognition from others What are our Basic Human Needs? Self Actualization Ideal Self The realization of one’s potential Creativity Self-understanding What are our Basic Human Needs? Summary Did Maslow get it right? Why or why not? What are our Basic Human Needs? According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? "The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” Rogers, 1951 Do Now: Answer the following questions: – What does it mean to “self-actualize”? – What needs need to be met in order to get there? Carl Rogers 1902-1987 Client Centered Therapy Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with national inter-group conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Self-Concept Composed of three concepts: 1. Self Worth 2. Self Image 3. Ideal Self According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Self Worth What we think about ourselves. Our esteem is formed from our childhood and relationship with our parents/guardians. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Self Image How we see ourselves. Body image. Whether we see ourselves as “good” or “bad” or “beautiful” or “ugly” According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Ideal Self The person we would like to be. This may be continually changing. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Self Worth and Positive Regard Children have two basic needs: 1. Positive Regard from other people 2. Self-Worth According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Self Worth Continuum Very Low Very High According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Positive Regard How other people evaluate and judge us in the real world According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Unconditional Positive Regard Parents, guardians, significant others and the humanist therapist, accept the person for who they are. It does not matter if you do something wrong or make a mistake. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Conditional Positive Regard Is dependent on the child For example: the child has to behave the way the parents want him/her to. The child is not loved for who they are, but for what they do. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? What do you think? How can Conditional Positive Regard affect a child’s development. Give examples. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Congruence According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Incongruence When a person’s Self Image and Idea Self are not in line According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Congruence When a person’s Self Image and Ideal Self are similar. According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize? Individual Activity “Lay it on the Line” handout will determine your Self-Worth “Name Game” handout will determine your Self-Esteem “How I See It” handout will also determine your Self Esteem” “I Am” handout will help you determine your Ideal Self. Homework Self Actualization mini project “Teen Spotlight” handout will help us reach actualization. Your completed mini project should be on poster board. Summary According to Rogers, how can we SelfActualize? Are we Congruent or Incongruent? In pairs, examine your “self actualization” poster as well as the self concept handouts. Is your partner congruent or incongruent? How do you know? Be sure to use examples from the handouts and poster. Homework Write a reflection on our Congruency Project. Should be at least one page, typed.