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Transcript
Cognitive Learning A challenge to Pavlov and Skinner Cognitive Learning • Learning does not always change behavior, but always produces changes in mental activity. • We do not need to be conditioned, punished, reinforced to learn. Cognitive Learning • Involves: • Mental processes that cannot be directly observed. • Thinking • Information processes • Problem solving • Mental imaging Wolfgang Kohler and Insight Learning • Sultan the chimp • Learned to solve complex problems by combining simpler behaviors they previously learned separately • Boxes – got bananas • Sticks – got bananas Continue from previous slide • Kohler then moved the bananas farther away, beyond the reach of the sticks or boxes alone • After time and frustration, Sultan suddenly stacked the boxes and climbed them with the stick. • SUCCESS! Insight Learning • Sultan did not gradually happen upon the reinforced response through an overt process of trial and error. NO LAW OF EFFECT • Kohler believed that Sultan had solved the problem on the basis of INSIGHT • Insight - the sudden flash of inspiration that reveals the solution to a problem. Latent Learning (Edward Tolman, 1930) • Three groups of food-deprived rats learned to run a complicated maze over a series of once-a-day trials Tolman study • Group A = received a food reward when they got to the end of the maze each day. • Group B = did not receive any food reward • Group C = did not get any reward for their first 10 trials in the maze, but they were rewarded from the 11th trial onward. Tolman study: Results • Group C showed increased improvement on subsequent trials. Their Performance was better than Group A. • Rats in Group C had been learning the maze all along, just as much as the rats in group A, BUT they had no motivation to demonstrate this learning until a reward was introduced. Tolman: Latent Learning • Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it. • Findings suggest the following: 1. Learning can take place in the absence of reinforcement. 2. Cognitive processes play a role in conditioning. Cognitive Map • The rats (in Tolman’s experiment) seemed to develop a cognitive map= a mental representation of the maze that allowed them to find their way to the goal box. • A mental representation of physical space. Biological connection • Hippocampus may be involved in “drawing” the cognitive map in the brain. Importance of Tolman’s research • Laid a foundation for the view that humans and other animals create mental representation of the world around them • There is more to learning than associating a response w/ a consequence. Importance of Tolman’s research • Challenged the prevailing behavioral views of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner.