Download Introduction to Psychology PPT

Psychology is as old as we are
Trephination
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Epistemology
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Scientific Method
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Set up the first psychology lab in
Leipzig, Germany
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Introspection
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
What is this?
How do you know?
Does this picture tell you
the purpose of all
of the parts?
Why or why not?
Experiments based in Epistemology
Wundt thought that if we train people to
explain their thoughts in a scientific
manner we may find truth
Critics say it is like trying to examine a
car by looking at all of its parts
disconnected from one another.
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Wundt and Titchener
Theory of Structuralism was developed
from Introspection
What do you think Structuralism is?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Our consciousness
How it is organized into complex
experiences
How these experiences are related to
physical events
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Structuralism:
– Elements of the mind (analysis through
introspection)
– Tear apart the elements of the mind and
study them individually
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Basically, Wundt and Titchener
tried to classify all of the elements
of our conscious thought!
You know when you
Overthink something?
Kind of like that!
William James (1842-1910)
The Principles of
Psychology
Influenced by Charles
Darwin
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Can we separate the elements of the mind?
James believed in a stream of
consciousness: our consciousness is ever
changing, never the same and can not be
divided into parts.
Behavior
– Where does it fit?
– What is its function?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
How do people adapt to their
environment?
The function of our behaviors is
survival.
Our behaviors are significant.
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
James saw the mind as flexible.
Its fluidity is caused by constant change
in response to continuous information
we collect from the world.
King, Laura A. (2014). The Science of Psychology 3. New York: McGraw-Hill
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Why did structuralism die out?
Is introspection a measurable process?
Why or why not?
What is the significance of what
Functionalism calls our Stream of
Consciousness?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
What is context?
Do Now:Paintings
1. How do these paintings make
you feel?
2. Why do these paintings make you
feel that way?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
The Scream
Edvard Munc
Water Lilies
Claude Mone
Its not just the problem, but the context
of the problem.
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
Argued against
dividing human
thought and
behavior into
separate structures.
“The whole is different from the sum of
its parts.”
Our understanding of objects is greater
and more meaningful than the individual
elements.
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
In one sentence, explain how Gestalt
Psychology is different from
Structuralism and Functionalism.
For Homework: Pick one perspective
(Structuralism or Gestalt) and explain
why you think it makes the most sense.
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
Is Freud’s Theory of
Consciousness Valid?
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid
Through
psychoanalysis,
Sigmund Freud
believed he
discovered the
unconscious
mind.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Psychoanalysis is theory which explains
human nature and is used as a method
of treatment for psychological problems.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Our personalities are unique, and were
developed early in our lives
Our unconscious mind influences our
thoughts and actions
Our past shapes our future
We are constantly developing
throughout our lives
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
The Unconscious Mind
SUPEREGO
ID
Responds to stimuli
Satisfies needs
Aggressive
Impulsive
EGO
“Balancer”
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Guilt
Follows the rules
Is “the law”
Puts others above
themselves
Idish
Fight all the time
Careless with money
Sexually aggressive
Whine if they don’t
get what they want
Demanding
Never satisfied
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Superegoed
Guilty
Paranoid
Follow “the
rules”
Fearful
Withdrawn
Nervous
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
What the following episode and
determine which baby is which part of
our unconscious mind.
Id
Ego
Superego
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
In the cartoon “Rugrats”, which baby
represented the Id? Ego? Superego?
Why?
Homework: Describe a time in your life
that you were “idish” or “superegoed”.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Aim: Is our personality determined by
nature or nurture?
Do Now: Describe the environment you
grew up in.
Time to share!
Find a partner and share your Do Now
answers.
Do you think you would be the same person if
you grew up in your partner’s environment?
Why or why not?
Do you think you would be the same person if
you grew up during a different time period?
Why or why not?
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
The Nature versus Nurture debate is
multi-faceted and may never truly be
answered.
Why do you think this is?
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Pavlov’s Dogs
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
The Unconditional Stimulus is unconditional,
natural, and automatically triggers a
response.
For example, when you smell one of your
favorite foods, you may immediately feel very
hungry. In this example, the smell of the food
is the unconditioned stimulus.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning
continued…
The Unconditioned Response is the
unlearned response that occurs naturally in
response to the unconditioned stimulus.
In our example, the feeling of hunger in
response to the smell of food is the
unconditioned response.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning
continued…
The Conditioned Stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that,
after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus,
eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your
favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the
whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the
whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound
would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case,
the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning
continued…
The Conditioned Response is the learned
response to the previously neutral stimulus.
In our example, the conditioned response
would be feeling hungry when you heard the
sound of the whistle.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Unconditioned Stimulus = Food
Unconditioned Response = Salivation
Conditioned Stimulus = Bell
Conditioned Response = Salivation
Summary
Analyze one of your behaviors to
determine if you have been conditioned
to act that way (nurture), or if you were
born that way (nature).
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Do Now: Describe a time when you stop
doing something because something
bad happened when you were doing.
For example: I stopped eating
strawberries because one time I was
eating one and fell of the kitchen chair.
Behaviorism: Our actions, thoughts, and
emotions are all behaviors. We can
observe these behaviors scientifically,
and change them to treat psychological
disorders.
Let’s read the article!
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Little Albert Experiment
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Little Albert was given time to play with a
rat. Little Albert enjoyed playing with the
rat.
The next time Little Albert was given the
rat to play with, a loud noise was sounded
behind him.
From this point, each time Little Albert saw
the rat, he would cry and turn away.
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise
Unconditioned Response: Fear
Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat
Conditioned Response: Fear
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Desensitization: when a subject is
reintroduced to the Conditioned
Stimulus without the Unconditioned
Stimulus in order to remove the
Conditioned Response
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Why do you think the Little Albert
Experiment is controversial?
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
In our “experiment” earlier, tell me what
the Unconditioned Stimulus,
Unconditioned Response, Conditioned
Stimulus, Conditioned Response
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
How can Classical Conditioning
potentially help a patient?
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Do Now: Define the following words:
1. Positive
2. Negative
Used Positive and Negative
Reinforcement to develop his theory of
Operant Conditioning.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
B.F. Skinner developed Operant
Conditioning which uses positive and
negative reinforcement in order to get a
desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
When a reward is given after a desired
behavior.
Example: a child makes his bed and his mom
gives him a piece of candy.
The child making the bed is the desired
behavior and the candy is the positive
reinforcement
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Taking away an adverse stimulus to
increase a desired behavior.
Example: There is always heavy traffic when I leave
at 6:10, but if I leave at 5:55 there is no traffic.
The heavy traffic is the adverse stimulus and my
leaving at 5:55 is the negative reinforcement.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
A student has a hard time taking a test in a
crowded and noisy room, so the teacher
moves the student to another room.
The crowded and noisy room is the negative
stimulus, and the student doing well on the
test is the desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Negative Reinforcement is NOT a
punishment.
A punishment is when you add an
undesirable stimulus in order to get a
desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
When a behavior is weakened by lack
of either a Positive or Negative
Reinforcement.
Example: When a student keeps raising
their hand and the teacher does not call
on her, or anybody else.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
By shocking the rat until it pushed the
bar, the rat was conditioned to perform
a desired behavior using Negative
Reinforcement.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Exit Slip: Answer the following questions:
A police officer gives me a ticket for
driving to fast. This is an example of
what?
How could the police officer use Positive
Reinforcement to get me to drive the
speed limit?
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Do Now: With a partner fill in the
following triangle with what you think
are our basic human needs. The most
basic and important need goes on the
bottom.
____
_______
___________
_______________
Examine the needs on the handout, and
determine the hierarchy of these needs.
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Physiological Needs
Air
Water
Food
Rest
Human Touch
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Security
Structure
Free from fear
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Intimate love
Fitting in a group
Give love
Receive love
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Self respect
Respect from others
Success
Recognition from others
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Ideal Self
The realization of one’s potential
Creativity
Self-understanding
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Did Maslow get it right? Why or why
not?
What are our Basic Human Needs?
"The organism has one basic tendency and striving to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing
organism” Rogers, 1951
Do Now: Answer the following questions:
– What does it mean to “self-actualize”?
– What needs need to be met in order to
get there?
1902-1987
Client Centered Therapy
Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work
with national inter-group conflict in
South Africa and Northern Ireland
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
What we think about ourselves.
Our esteem is formed from our
childhood and relationship with our
parents/guardians.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
The person we would like to be.
This may be continually changing.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Children have two basic needs:
1. Positive Regard from other people
2. Self-Worth
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Continuum
Very Low
Very High
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
How other people evaluate and judge
us in the real world
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Parents, guardians, significant others
and the humanist therapist, accept the
person for who they are.
It does not matter if you do something
wrong or make a mistake.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Is dependent on the child
For example: the child has to behave
the way the parents want him/her to.
The child is not loved for who they are,
but for what they do.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
How can Conditional Positive Regard
affect a child’s development. Give
examples.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
When a person’s Self Image and Ideal
Self are not in line
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
When a person’s Self Image and Ideal
Self are similar.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?