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Transcript
Animal Behavior Ethology • Study of how animals behave • 4 main questions 1. What stimulus elicits a behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate a response? 2. How does the animals experiences during development influence the response 3. How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction 4. What is the behaviors evolutionary basis. Behavioral Ecology • Study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of behavior • Proximate cause – focuses on immediate causality (how it happens) • Ultimate cause – focuses on the bigger picture (why it is evolutionarily beneficial) Movement • Kinesis – change in activity due to a stimulus • Taxis – orientation towards or away from a stimulus Migration • Migration – a long distance change of locations done at regular intervals • Usually stimulated by seasonal changes • Use the sun, north star, or the earth magnetic field Rhythms • Circadian rhythms – daily cycles (rest, eating, etc), usually regulated by light and dark • Circannual rhythms – yearly cycles usually linked to seasons. • Cortisol, released by the adrenal gland Signaling • Usually, visually, chemical, or auditory Instincts • Innate behavior – fixed behaviors that all the animals in a population are born with (instinct) • Fixed action pattern – a sequence of innate behaviors initiated by a stimulus. Learning • Habituation – a reduction or loss of reaction to a stimuli (crying wolf) Imprinting • Imprinting – a life long reaction or bond to an object or individual created at a young age • Usually a baby raised by a different species mistakenly believes he is of that species Spatial Learning • Spatial learning – able to remember the structures in an environment (using landmarks) Cognitive Maps • Cognitive maps – a memorized mental representation (map) of an environment. (do not have to rely on land marks. Associative Learning • Associative learning – the ability to connect two environmental factors as being related (color and taste) • Classical and operant learning Classical conditioning • Classical conditioning – a stimulus elicits a response • Povlov’s dog – ringing a dinner bell before dinner causes the dog to salivate without food being present Operant Conditioning • Operant conditioning – an animal connects his behavior with a good or bad response (trial and error) • Pups or cubs with porcupines Cognition • Cognition – the ability to think, reason and process information. • Cognition can be used to problem solve Selection and Survival • Most behaviors are ultimately formed by natural selection for survival and reproduction Foraging • Foraging – activities and strategies an animal uses for survival. • optimal foraging model – benefits should outweigh costs Fight or Flight • The decision to fight or run is also measured by risk and reward (benefits should out weight costs) Mating Systems • Promiscuous – no mating bonds • Monogamous – strong bond forms one male one female for a long period • Polygamous – one sex mates with others Polygyny –the males mate with many females Polyandry – the females mate with many males Antagonistic behavior • Competition to gain access to a resource. Game theory • Evaluates the success of strategies used when the strategies depend on other strategies (paper, rock, scissors.) • Orange aggressive, blue small territory, yellow sneaky Altruism • Altruism- animals reduces their individual fitness to increase the population fitness • Inclusive fitness – total of an individual getting their genes into the next generation through their own offspring or a relatives offspring. • Kin selection – selection favors altruism Social Learning • Social learning – an individual learns by copying the behavior of a more experienced individual. • This breeds culture. • Passes behavior to increase fitness Mate choice copying • Mate choice copying – females choose mates that other females find attractive