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Chapter 51 Behavioral Ecology Vocab & Focus Questions Bozeman Videos: Animal Behavior Information Exchange Behavior & Natural Selection Campbell Animations: Self Quiz Activities Quiz Animation Quiz Vocab: agonistic behavior altruism associative learning animal behavior classical conditioning communication ethology fixed action pattern foraging habituation imprinting inclusive fitness innate behavior kin selection kinesis monogamous operant conditioning optimal foraging theory pheromone proximate cause reciprocal altruism sensitive period sign stimulus taxis ultimate question opportunity cost parental investment courtship individual fitness Focus Questions: 1. Explain the difference between the proximal cause for a behavior and the ultimate cause for a behavior. How are each of these behavior categories affected by natural selection? 2. With regard to animal behavior, explain the expression “nature versus nurture.” How do genes and the environment contribute to behavior? 3. When a male robin is ready to reproduce, it has bright red breast feathers. It will aggressively attack other male robins, but it will also attack a tuft of red feathers attached to a stick. Describe how this seemingly maladaptive behavior relates to concepts of fixed action patterns and releasers. Describe another organism that exhibits such behavior, and the behavior it displays. 4. Distinguish between operant conditioning and classical conditioning. 5. Describe an example of each one of the following types of behavior and explain why it is an adaptive behavior for the organism performing it: a. Imprinting b. Migration c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning e. Altruism f. Fixed action pattern g. Innate behavior 6. In his “Animal Behavior” video, Mr. Andersen discusses mirror neurons and observational behavior. Describe how your teachers use observational behavior to teach you about new things in class. 7. Create a graphic organizer that illustrates at least one advantage and one disadvantage of visual, acoustic, mechanosensory, and chemical communication. 8. When an animal such as a cat is learning to hunt, it often will bat around its prey as though it were playing with it. Explain how play behaviors can be of adaptive value. 9. Choose a specific behavior from the list below and create an illustration that represents the energetic cost, risk cost and opportunity cost of that behavior. a. Singing a mating song b. Building a shelter c. Migrating from one location to another d. Sounding a warning call when predators approach 10. Explain how parental investment can influence the evolution of monogamy or promiscuity of a species. 11. Explain how fitness of a population is enhanced when kin selection takes place.