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Animal Behavior
Chapter 51
I. Behavioral Ecology
Def: The study of how specific behaviors
increase reproductive success Play
a) Learned behavior (nurture) –
environmental and ecological basis
b) Innate behavior (nature) – genetic and
evolutionary basis
1) Natural selection favors a behavioral
phenotype
2) Genotypes that do not increase fitness
eliminated from gene pool
II. Types of Behavior
innate
a) Instinct: Inherited, __________
behavior
fixed _____
action _______):
pattern Sequence
b) FAP (_____
of behavior that is unchangeable and
carried to completion once started
1) External sign stimulus triggers FAP
•
•
Ex. Stickleback fish
Ex. Greylag goose
II. Types of Behavior
c) Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli
that convey little or no information
learning
1) simple form of ___________
•
Ex. Sea Anemones
d) Imprinting: learning that is limited to a very
specific _____
critical _____
period of an animal’s life
1) Irreversible
2) Imprinting stimulus
•
•
•
Ex. Salmon
Play
Ex. Ducklings
Ex. Whooping Cranes
II. Types of Behavior
e) Associative Learning: ability of animals to
associate one stimulus w/ another
1) Classical Conditioning (arbitrary stimulus)
•
Ex. Pavlov’s Dog
2) Operant Conditioning (Trial and Error)
•
Ex. B.F. Skinner’s rats
f) Observational Learning – modeling Play
g) Spatial Learning – memory of
environment’s spatial structure
h) Insight – cognition and problem solving
i) Prior experience helps an animal exposed to
a new situation
III. Oriented Movement
a) Kinesis: an undirected change in speed
of an animal’s movement in response to
a stimulus
b) Taxis: a directed movement in response
to a stimulus
c) Migration: long-distance seasonal mvmt
IV. Social Behavior
Evolved to optimize individual fitness
IV. Animal Signals and
Communication
• Important for species recognition, mating,
organizing social behavior
• Occurs through visual, auditory, tactile,
and chemical means (pheromones)
V. Social Behavior
a) Agnostic behavior (aggression and
Play
submission)
1) ritualized contests
2) determines who gains resources
•
food, mates
3) Can be psychological rather than physical
4) Establishes dominance hierarchies (pecking
order and territoriality
V. Social Behavior
b) Altruistic Behavior
selfless and/or sacrificial behavior that
seemingly reduce the fitness of the
individual…
increases inclusive fitness
= the fitness of relatives
who share identical genes
Natural selection that
favors altruistic behavior =
Kin Selection