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Animal Behavior Chapter 51 I. Behavioral Ecology Def: The study of how specific behaviors increase reproductive success Play a) Learned behavior (nurture) – environmental and ecological basis b) Innate behavior (nature) – genetic and evolutionary basis 1) Natural selection favors a behavioral phenotype 2) Genotypes that do not increase fitness eliminated from gene pool II. Types of Behavior innate a) Instinct: Inherited, __________ behavior fixed _____ action _______): pattern Sequence b) FAP (_____ of behavior that is unchangeable and carried to completion once started 1) External sign stimulus triggers FAP • • Ex. Stickleback fish Ex. Greylag goose II. Types of Behavior c) Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information learning 1) simple form of ___________ • Ex. Sea Anemones d) Imprinting: learning that is limited to a very specific _____ critical _____ period of an animal’s life 1) Irreversible 2) Imprinting stimulus • • • Ex. Salmon Play Ex. Ducklings Ex. Whooping Cranes II. Types of Behavior e) Associative Learning: ability of animals to associate one stimulus w/ another 1) Classical Conditioning (arbitrary stimulus) • Ex. Pavlov’s Dog 2) Operant Conditioning (Trial and Error) • Ex. B.F. Skinner’s rats f) Observational Learning – modeling Play g) Spatial Learning – memory of environment’s spatial structure h) Insight – cognition and problem solving i) Prior experience helps an animal exposed to a new situation III. Oriented Movement a) Kinesis: an undirected change in speed of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus b) Taxis: a directed movement in response to a stimulus c) Migration: long-distance seasonal mvmt IV. Social Behavior Evolved to optimize individual fitness IV. Animal Signals and Communication • Important for species recognition, mating, organizing social behavior • Occurs through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical means (pheromones) V. Social Behavior a) Agnostic behavior (aggression and Play submission) 1) ritualized contests 2) determines who gains resources • food, mates 3) Can be psychological rather than physical 4) Establishes dominance hierarchies (pecking order and territoriality V. Social Behavior b) Altruistic Behavior selfless and/or sacrificial behavior that seemingly reduce the fitness of the individual… increases inclusive fitness = the fitness of relatives who share identical genes Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior = Kin Selection