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Chapter One: Intro/History I. Why Study Psychology? II. Overview of Goals of Psychology III. A Brief History of Psychology IV. Psychology as a Profession 1 I. Why Study Psychology? • Insight • Practical Information 2 Psychology • The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Such study can involve both animal and human behavior. When applied to humans, psychology covers everything that people think, feel, and do. 3 The Goals of Psychology • • • • Description Explanation Prediction Control – Basic Science – Applied Science 4 II. Goals Of Psychology • Description • Explanation • Prediction • Control 5 Description • Gather information • State the facts (What it is) 6 Explanation • Formulate hypotheses • Develop theories (Why it is) 7 Hypothesis • An educated guess about the relationship between two variables 8 Theory • An integrated set of principles that organizes, explains, and predicts observations. 9 Exploring Psychology, Myers, 1990 Prediction • Study theories and descriptive accounts of past behaviors • Predict subsequent behaviors (What it will be) 10 Control • Influence or manipulate behavior – Basic science – Applied science 11 Basic Science • The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake (to gain knowledge simply for the sake of knowledge) (acquire knowledge) 12 Applied Science • Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals (use knowledge) 13 Hypothesis-building Studies done on Orphanage Children • Dennis, W. “Causes of Retardation Among Institutional Children: Iran.” Journal of Genetic Psychology, 96 (1960):47-58 – Applied or Basic? • White, B.L. “Child Development Research: An Edifice Without a Foundation.” Merrill- Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 15 (1969): 49-79 – Applied or Basic? • Shaffer (1993) Applied or Basic? 14 The Scientific Method • • • • • • State the problem Develop a hypothesis Conduct research Organize and interpret data Draw conclusions Communicate the results 15 Psychology: A Concise Introduction, Pettijohn, 1992 III. A Brief History of Psychology A. Psychology as a Discipline 16 A. Psychology as a Discipline Early History 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Stone Age BC: The Ancient Greeks The Middle Ages 16th century: Copernicus and Galileo 17th century: Descartes and the pseudosciences 17 1. The Stone Age • Trephining • Evil spirits • Archeology 18 Trephining 19 Trephining Instruments 20 2. The Ancient Greeks • • • • The will of the gods Aristotle Hippocrates Galen 21 Aristotle • Greek philosopher • People are rational, thinking organisms 22 Hippocrates • The Father of Modern Medicine • Mental and emotional problems have natural causes • Some disorders are caused by head injury • Some mental and physical characteristics are inherited 23 Ancient Greeks • Observation as a means of knowing the world 24 The Natural World: Four Basic Elements • • • • Fire Air Earth Water 25 The Natural World: Four Basic Elements • • • • Fire Air Earth Water Warm Cool Dry Moist 26 The Four Humors • • • • Blood (warm and moist) Black bile (cold and dry) Yellow bile (warm and dry) Phlegm (cold and moist) 27 Galen • Greek physician • Personality types 28 Galen: Personality Types • An excess of… – blood = – black bile = – yellow bile = – phlegm = sanguine personality (cheerful, warm-hearted) melancholic personality (sad) choleric personality (hot-tempered) phlegmatic personality (apathetic) 29 3. The Middle Ages • Witchcraft • Demon possession 30 4. The 16th Century • Nicolaus Copernicus • Galileo Galilei 31 Nicolaus Copernicus • Polish astronomer • The sun is the center of the universe • Observations on the movements of planets in the solar system 32 Galileo Galilei • Italian astronomer and physicist • Telescope confirms star positions and movements 33 The 16th Century • Introduced the concept of observation as an element of scientific study (Copernicus) • Introduced the concept of experimentation as an element of scientific study (Galileo) 34 5. The 17th Century • Dualism • Rene Descartes • Pseudo-sciences 35 Dualism • Philosophy which teaches that the mind and body are separate and distinct from each other. 36 Rene Descartes • French philosopher • Extended dualism • The mind and body work together to create a person’s experiences 37 The Pseudo-sciences • Phrenology • Physiognomy • Typology 38 Phrenology • The study of personality based on the ‘bumps’ of the skull 39 40 Modern Science • A combination of… – – – – Philosophy Logic Math Observation 41 Psychology as a Discipline Basic Theories • Structuralism • Functionalism 42 Structuralism • Thoughts have structure, just as a molecule does 43 Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt • German physiologist • Laboratory of Psychology,1879 • University of Leipzig, Germany 44 Structuralism • The mind must be studied as scientifically as other ‘natural laws’ Wundt, Wilhelm, Principles of Physiological Psychology, 1878 45 Introspection • A detailed examination of one’s own thinking • A controlled situation with trained subjects reporting their thoughts so that the basic structure of thought processes can be mapped 46 Functionalism • The functions of the human mind -- thinking, feeling, learning, remembering -- exist to help man survive as a species 47 William James • founded the Functionalist branch of psychology • Established the first American psychology laboratory, at Harvard College • Principles of Psychology (1890) 48 A Brief History of Psychology B. Psychology as the Study of... 1) 2) 3) 4) Unconscious Processes Individual Differences Observable Behavior Cognitive Processes 49 1.) Unconscious Processes • Psychoanalysis • Study of the unconscious mind • Sigmund Freud 50 Sigmund Freud • Viennese doctor • Unconscious, or subconscious, mind • Biological/sociological conflict • Free association (talking cure) • Dream analysis • Case studies 51 2.) Individual Differences • Sir Francis Galton 52 Sir Francis Galton • • • • • • English mathematician Heredity/genius Nature vs. Nurture Secondary research Personality/IQ tests Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (1883) 53 3.) Observable Behavior • Behaviorism • Humanistic Psychology 54 Behaviorism • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • B. F. Skinner 55 Ivan Pavlov • Russian physiologist • Nobel Prize (1904) • The mechanics of digestion • Classical conditioning 56 Classical Conditioning • • • • • UCS = unconditioned stimulus UCR = unconditioned response NS = neutral stimulus CS = conditioned stimulus CR = conditioned response 57 Pavlov’s Experiment 58 Classical Conditioning Paradigm • Before Conditioning: – UCS ----> UCR – NS ----> No response • During Conditioning: – UCS + CS ----> UCR • After Conditioning: – CS ----> CR 59 Classical Conditioning Paradigm • Before Conditioning: – UCS (meat) ----> UCR (salivation) – NS (tone) ----> No response • During Conditioning: – UCS (meat) + CS (Tone) ----> UCR (salivation) • After Conditioning: – CS (tone) ----> CR (salivation) 60 Behaviorism • Behavior occurs as a result of learning 61 John B. Watson • • • • Father of Behaviorism Prior learning Observable behavior Little Albert Experiment 62 B. F. Skinner • Stimulus-Response (SR) psychology • Walden II (1949) • Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971) • Reinforcement • Teaching machine 63 Humanistic Psychology • • • • The third force Backlash to behaviorism Study of the individual as a whole person Self-actualization 64 Carl Rogers • Believed behaviorism was de-humanizing • Human nature is naturally active, not reactive. 65 Abraham Maslow Self-Actualization Hierarchy of Needs 66 Humanism • Behaviorism is de-humanizing • Deprives man of free will • Human nature is active, not reactive 67 4.) Cognitive Psychology • Study of cognitive processes • Internal knowledge 68 Jean Piaget • Theory of PsychoSocial Development 69 Cognitive Psychology • Behavior is affected by… – – – – – – Perception Interpretation Thinking Problem-solving Assessment of knowledge Use of language 70 IV. Psychology as a Profession A. What is a Psychologist? B. Specialty Fields in Psychology 71 A. Psychiatry vs.. Psychology • A psychiatrist’s training ... – – – – medical doctor specialty in psychiatric medicine hospital or private practice freely prescribe medicines 72 Psychiatry vs.. Psychology • A psychologist’s training … – observe and analyze patterns of behavior – develop theories of behavior – apply knowledge to influence behavior 73 B. Specialty Fields • • • • • Clinical psychology Counseling psychology Personality psychology Social psychology Developmental psychology • Educational psychology • Community psychology • Industrial/Organizational psychology • Experimental psychology 74