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What is Psychology? David Myers (8th Edition) PowerPoint Slides Mr. Mable Tucker High School 2016 1 Student’s will be able to: • • • • • • • Define Psychology Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do Name key psychologist in its history Describe where Psychology came from List the Major Modern Perspectives List the types of degrees needed in psych Explain how to be a better psych student 2 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Psychology is: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Psychology • Ology = The study of • Psych come from the Latin Psyche meaning the SOUL Psychology attempts to answer the following questions: • Why do I do the things that I do? • Who am I ? 6 Behavior vs. Cognitive Cognitive • Cannot normally be seen • Cognitive means thinking • It is any mental activity • For example: dreaming perception memories judgments planning Behavior • Can be seen • Something that can be measured • i.e. Pushups kissing dancing playing football 7 Pre-Scientific Psychology 8 Psychology’s Roots Prescientific Psychology www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas. 9 Prescientific Psychology Confucius (551-479 B.C.) home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance of an educated mind. 10 Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the body. 11 Prescientific Psychology Plato http://www.law.umkc.edu http://www.law.umkc.edu Socrates Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. 12 Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) http://faculty.washington.edu Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. 13 Aristotle • Wrote the first book about psychology called Peri Psyches • Greek: “About the Soul” • The Greek letter Psi Is the symbol of Modern Psychology. 14 Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) http://ocw.mit.edu http://www.spacerad.com Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. 15 Prescientific Psychology Francis Bacon (1561-1626) http://www.iep.utm.edu Bacon is one of the founders of modern science, particularly the experimental method. 16 Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. 17 Historical Perspectives Where did Psychology come from? 18 Modern Scientific Psychology You should know the differences between: • Philosophy = Why? • Physiology = Science of Anatomy • Psychology = What Causes Behavior? 19 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Titchner (1867-1927) Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, 20 Germany, in 1879. Wilhelm Wundt • Made the first Psychological Laboratory EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. • A student of his named G. Stanley Hall made the first Psych lab in the United States at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after Wundt’s. 21 G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) • • • • • • • • Started 1st laboratory in USA Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to visit USA Translated Freud’s work into English 1st President of the APA Founded American Journal of Psychology Studied adolescence and childhood Promoted the study of educational psychology Earliest study of the differences between men and women Psychological Science is Born Functionalism Mary Calkins James (1842-1910) Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed 23 structuralism. William James • Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in 1890 called Principles of Psychology. • James was a professor of Psychology at Harvard University. • Much of what was in his book still holds true today! 24 Gestalt Psychology • A theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts • Counters attempts to believe one can break down the mind or experience into bits and parts, as if we were machines . • The idea that we tend to see the “Big Picture”, the forest instead of individual trees. Experience is always more than the sum of its parts • Gestalt means SHAPE or FORM. What do you see? What do you see? 27 28 The Whole is greater than the sum of its parts! 29 Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Freud (1856-1939) Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects 30 on human behavior. Sigmund Freud Austrian Neurologist (1856-1938) • Invented Psychoanalysis the “talking cure” • Unconscious mind • Dream Interpretation • Importance of early childhood experiences • Theory of personality (Id, ego, superego) • Defense mechanisms such as repression, displacement Time Magazine voted him the 2nd Most • Oedipal conflict Influential Person in 20th Century Sigmund Freud • Medical Doctor of Neurology. • “Archaeologist of the Mind”. • Founded: Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach Dream Analysis Free Association(the “talking cure”) The Unconscious Mind And lots more… 32 Psychological Science Develops Behaviorism Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1878-1958) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of 34 scientific psychology. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Brilliant Russian Scientist Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for study of the digestive system Contribution to Psychology • • Famous for his experiments with dogs illustrating the effects of conditioning Concept of the “Conditioned Response” Classical Conditioning (learning by association) Who is conditioning whom? John B. Watson and Behaviorism • He believed it is unscientific to study consciousness. • Behaviorism: the school of psychology, founded by John Watson, that defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior Little Albert – Where is he now? Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the child feared all things white and furry (generalization) B.F. Skinner American Psychologist (1904-1990) • Pioneered “Operant Conditioning” which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards & punishment) • Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”, everything we do, think and say is the result of conditioning • Invented all kinds of laboratory devices to study the learning process and measure simple behaviors in laboratory animals called a “Skinner Box” Skinner Boxes Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior in laboratory settings. Psychological Science Develops Rogers (1902-1987) http://www.carlrogers.dk http://facultyweb.cortland.edu Maslow (1908-1970) Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential 41 and our need for love and acceptance. 42 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs