Download What is Psychology?

What is Psychology?
David Myers (8th Edition)
PowerPoint Slides
Mr. Mable
Tucker High School
2016
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Student’s will be able to:
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Define Psychology
Explain the specific jobs Psychologist do
Name key psychologist in its history
Describe where Psychology came from
List the Major Modern Perspectives
List the types of degrees needed in psych
Explain how to be a better psych student
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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?
Psychology is:
The scientific study of
behavior and mental
processes
Psychology
• Ology = The study of
• Psych come from the Latin Psyche
meaning the SOUL
Psychology attempts to answer
the following questions:
• Why do I do the things that I
do?
• Who am I ?
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Behavior vs. Cognitive
Cognitive
• Cannot normally be seen
• Cognitive means thinking
• It is any mental activity
• For example:
dreaming
perception
memories
judgments
planning
Behavior
• Can be seen
• Something that can be
measured
• i.e. Pushups
kissing
dancing
playing
football
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Pre-Scientific Psychology
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Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology
www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg
In India, Buddha wondered how sensations and
perceptions combined to form ideas.
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Prescientific Psychology
Confucius (551-479 B.C.)
home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas
and the importance of an educated mind.
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Prescientific Psychology
Hebrew Scriptures
www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg
Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the
body.
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Prescientific Psychology
Plato
http://www.law.umkc.edu
http://www.law.umkc.edu
Socrates
Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind
was separate from the body, the mind continued to
exist after death, and ideas were innate.
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Prescientific Psychology
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
http://faculty.washington.edu
Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable
from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow
from experience.
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Aristotle
• Wrote the first book about psychology
called Peri Psyches
• Greek: “About the Soul”
• The Greek letter Psi
Is the symbol of
Modern Psychology.
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Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
http://ocw.mit.edu
http://www.spacerad.com
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body
separation, but wondered how the immaterial
mind and physical body communicated.
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Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
http://www.iep.utm.edu
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science,
particularly the experimental method.
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Prescientific Psychology
John Locke (1632-1704)
biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or
blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it.
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Historical Perspectives
Where did Psychology come from?
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Modern Scientific Psychology
You should know the differences between:
• Philosophy = Why?
• Physiology = Science of Anatomy
• Psychology = What Causes Behavior?
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Psychological Science is Born
Structuralism
Titchner (1867-1927)
Wundt (1832-1920)
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms)
of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
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Germany, in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
• Made the first Psychological Laboratory
EVER in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
• A student of his named G. Stanley Hall
made the first Psych lab in the United
States at Johns Hopkins University in
Baltimore, MD. His lab was modeled after
Wundt’s.
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G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)
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Started 1st laboratory in USA
Invited Sigmund Freud & Jung to
visit USA
Translated Freud’s work into
English
1st President of the APA
Founded American Journal of
Psychology
Studied adolescence and
childhood
Promoted the study of
educational psychology
Earliest study of the differences
between men and women
Psychological Science is Born
Functionalism
Mary Calkins
James (1842-1910)
Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed
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structuralism.
William James
• Wrote the first modern textbook EVER in
1890 called Principles of Psychology.
• James was a professor of Psychology at
Harvard University.
• Much of what was in his book still holds
true today!
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Gestalt Psychology
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A theory of mind and brain that
proposes that the operational principle
of the brain is holistic, parallel, and
analog, with self-organizing
tendencies; or, that the whole is
greater than the sum of its parts
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Counters attempts to believe one can
break down the mind or experience
into bits and parts, as if we were
machines .
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The idea that we tend to see the “Big
Picture”, the forest instead of
individual trees. Experience is always
more than the sum of its parts
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Gestalt means SHAPE or FORM.
What do you see?
What do you see?
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The Whole is greater than the
sum of its parts!
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Psychological Science is Born
The Unconscious Mind
Freud (1856-1939)
Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the
importance of the unconscious mind and its effects
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on human behavior.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian Neurologist (1856-1938)
• Invented Psychoanalysis
the “talking cure”
• Unconscious mind
• Dream Interpretation
• Importance of early
childhood experiences
• Theory of personality (Id,
ego, superego)
• Defense mechanisms
such as repression,
displacement
Time Magazine voted him the 2nd Most
• Oedipal conflict
Influential Person in 20th Century
Sigmund Freud
• Medical Doctor of Neurology.
• “Archaeologist of the Mind”.
• Founded:
Psychoanalysis/Psychoanalytic Approach
Dream Analysis
Free Association(the “talking cure”)
The Unconscious Mind
And lots more…
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Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism
Skinner (1904-1990)
Watson (1878-1958)
Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the
study of overt behavior as the subject matter of
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scientific psychology.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Brilliant Russian Scientist
Won Nobel Prize in Medicine for study
of the digestive system
Contribution to Psychology
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Famous for
his
experiments
with dogs
illustrating
the effects of
conditioning
Concept of the “Conditioned
Response”
Classical Conditioning (learning
by association)
Who is conditioning whom?
John B. Watson and
Behaviorism
• He believed it is
unscientific to study
consciousness.
• Behaviorism: the school of
psychology, founded by
John Watson, that defines
psychology as the
scientific study of
observable behavior
Little Albert – Where is he now?
Watson succeeded in conditioning fear into a normal child who
previously did not react fearfully to the sight of a white rat, now the
child feared all things white and furry (generalization)
B.F. Skinner
American Psychologist (1904-1990)
• Pioneered “Operant Conditioning”
which is a kind of conditioning
based on reinforcement (rewards
& punishment)
• Promoted “Radical Behaviorism”,
everything we do, think and say is
the result of conditioning
• Invented all kinds of laboratory
devices to study the learning
process and measure simple
behaviors in laboratory animals
called a “Skinner Box”
Skinner Boxes
Skinner was a genius at developing ways to precisely measure behavior
in laboratory settings.
Psychological Science Develops
Rogers (1902-1987)
http://www.carlrogers.dk
http://facultyweb.cortland.edu
Maslow (1908-1970)
Humanistic Psychology
Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
environmental influences on our growth potential
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and our need for love and acceptance.
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Maslow’s
Hierarchy of
Human Needs