Download File

Social Psychology
Chapter 18 Review
In his study of obedience, Stanley Milgram
found that the majority of subjects:
..
al
lt
he
.
...
C
w
ith
om
pl
ie
d
w
ith
d
om
pl
ie
C
om
pl
ie
d
w
ith
th
e
ex
th
e
ex
...
...
th
e
k
oc
sh
to
C
d)
0% 0% 0%
ed
c)
100%
ef
us
b)
Refused to shock the
learner even once
Complied with the
experiment until the
“learner” first indicated
pain
Complied with the
experiment until the
“learner” began
screaming in agony
Complied with all the
demands of the
experiment
R
a)
According to cognitive dissonance theory,
dissonance is mostly likely to occur when:
A person’s behaviour is not
based on strongly held attitudes
..
er
c
vi
d
ua
l
is
do
ua
l
A
n
in
di
vi
d
in
di
n
A
co
s.
..
es
co
n
e
ha
v
pe
op
o
rs
o
pe
A
f..
.
.
r.
An individual is coerced into
doing something that he or she
does not want to do
le
d)
vi
ou
An individual does something
that is personally disagreeable
ha
c)
19%
be
Two people have conflicting
attitudes and find themselves in
disagreement
25%
25%
n’
s
b)
31%
Tw
a)
Research studies have indicated that the tendency
of viewers to misperceive normal sexuality,
devalue their partners, and trivialize rape is:
Increased by exposure to
pornography.
..
m
th
bo
d
ec
D
re
a
ec
D
re
a
se
se
d
ed
in
in
m
af
te
en
re
by
.
...
u.
.
os
ex
p
by
se
d
..
0%
Decreased in both men and
women by exposure to
pornography.
cr
ea
d)
13% 13%
ng
Decreased in men by
exposure to pornography.
ch
a
c)
ot
Not changed after exposure
to pornography.
N
b)
75%
In
a)
Which of the following statements
is true?
19%
a)
Groups are almost never swayed by minority opinions
b)
Group polarization is most likely to occur when group
members frequently disagree with one another
c)
Groupthink provides the consensus needed for effective
decision making
d)
A group that is like-minded will probably not change its
opinions through discussion
6%
19%
56%
The phenomenon in which individuals lose
their identity and relinquish normal restraints
when they are part of a group is called:
a) Groupthink
6%
b) Cognitive dissonance
12%
c) Empathy
0%
d) Deindividuation
82%
Which of the following was not mentioned in
the text discussion of the roots of
prejudice?
a)
People’s tendency to
overestimate the similarity of
people within groups
b)
People’s tendency to assume that
exceptional, or especially
memorable, individuals are unlike
the majority of members of a
group
63%
to
cy
cy
te
n
de
n
de
n
te
n
Pe
op
le
’s
le
’s
op
Pe
13%
...
..
to
.
..
cy
de
n
te
n
le
’s
op
Pe
le
’s
op
Pe
to
.
..
to
.
People’s tendency to discriminate
against those they view as
“outsiders”
cy
d)
6%
de
n
People’s tendency to assume that
the world is just and that people
get what they deserve
te
n
c)
19%
Which of the following is true about
aggression?
a) It varies too much to be instinctive in
humans
13%
b) It is just one instinct among many
13%
c) It is instinctive but shaped by learning
63%
d) It is the most important human instinct
13%
Conformity increased under which of the following
conditions in Asch’s studies of conformity?
a)
The group had
three or more people
b) The group had high
status
c) Individuals were
made to feel
insecure
d) All of the above
increased conformity
81%
13%
6%
r..
.
in
c
ab
w
ft
he
al
s
A
ll
o
id
u
di
v
In
ov
e
er
e
hi
gh
d
ha
p
gr
ou
e
Th
m
ad
s.
..
..
th
re
e
d
ha
gr
ou
p
Th
e
...
0%
Subjects in Asch’s line-judgement experiment
conformed to the group standard when their
judgements were observed by others but not when
they were made in private. This tendency to
conform in public demonstrates:
50%
a) Social facilitation
b) Overjustification
c) Informational social
influence
d) Normative social influence
31%
13%
6%
So
al
ci
c
fa
ta
ili
n
tio
O
v
ju
er
t
ca
ifi
t
s
I
n
io
i
at
m
r
o
nf
al
on
so
N
al
ci
o
.
i..
iv
at
rm
e
so
.
f..
in
l
a
ci
Research studies have found a positive correlation
between aggressive tendencies in animals
and levels of the hormone:
0%
13%
6%
81%
a)
b)
c)
d)
Estrogen
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Testosterone
Based on findings from Milgram’s obedience
studies, participants would be less likely to follow
the experimenter’s orders when:
...
ol
...
ot
he
rs
an
”
Th
e
an
e
se
“l
el
y
m
er
ey
Th
is
m
in
i
ad
“l
ea
th
e
ar
he
ey
They see another
subject disobey
instructions
Th
d)
6%
0%
ub
6%
ey
The “learner” is an older
person or mentions
having some physical
problem
Th
c)
st
e.
..
They merely administer
the test while someone
else delivers the shocks
ea
rn
er
b)
88%
..
They hear the “learner”
cry out in pain
rn
e
a)
Aggression is defined as behaviour that:
6%
a)
Hurts another person
41%
0%
b)
Is intended to hurt another person
c)
Is hostile, passionate, and produces physical injury
53%
d)
Has all of the above characteristics
Social traps are situations in which:
18%
gr
o.
..
e.
..
s
in
g
rti
e
lic
t
pa
co
nf
o
Tw
C
on
fli
c
tin
g
C
on
fli
c
tin
g
pa
pa
rti
e
rti
e
s
s
ha
re
.
..
..
6%
tin
g
d)
24%
fli
c
c)
53%
on
b)
Conflicting parties realize that
they have shared goals, the
attainment of which requires
their mutual cooperation
Conflicting parties have similar,
and generally negative, views of
one another
Conflicting parties each pursue
their self-interests and become
caught in mutually destructive
behaviour
Two conflicting groups meet
face-to-face in an effort to
resolve their differences
C
a)
Increasing the number of people that are
present during an emergency tends to:
a) Increase the likelihood that
people will cooperate in
rendering assistance.
b) Decrease the empathy that
people feel for the victim.
c) Increase the role that social
norms governing helping
will play.
d) Decrease the likelihood
that anyone will help.
81%
13%
D
ec
re
a
se
se
th
e
..
th
e
lik
ro
l
e
el
ih
th
a
oo
.
t..
.
..
th
.
em
pa
cr
ea
In
D
ec
re
a
se
se
th
e
th
e
lik
el
ih
oo
...
0%
cr
ea
In
6%
The mere exposure effect demonstrates
that:
a) Familiarity breeds contempt.
13%
b) Opposites attract.
6%
c) Birds of a feather flock together.
19%
d) Familiarity breeds fondness.
63%
The deep affection that is felt in long-lasting
relationships is called ___________ love; this
feeling is fostered in relationships in which
__________.
a) Passionate; there is equity
between the partners
94%
b) Passionate; traditional
roles are maintained
6%
e;
tr
a
di
..
..
e;
th
e
ni
o
om
pa
C
C
om
pa
ni
o
na
t
tra
d
at
e;
io
n
ss
Pa
re
na
.
iti
o
...
is
th
er
e
at
e;
io
n
ss
Pa
d) Companionate; traditional
roles are maintained
.
0%
..
0%
na
t
c) Companionate; there is
equity between the
partners
Which of the following is associated with an
increased tendency on the part of a
bystander to offer help in an emergency
situation?
0%
..
m
eo
ne
..
ne
e.
so
in
g
er
v
bs
O
H
av
in
g
in
re
c
a
en
go
tly
od
m
oo
d
Being a female
ei
ng
d)
19%
Observing someone as
he or she refuses to
offer help
B
c)
31%
fe
m
al
e
Having recently needed
help and not received it
a
b)
50%
ei
ng
Being in a good mood
B
a)
The belief that those who suffer deserve
their fate is expressed in the:
a) Just-world
phenomenon.
b) Phenomenon of
ingroup bias.
c) Fundamental
attribution error.
d) Mirror-image
perception principle.
75%
19%
ag
e
pe
r
ce
p
ti.
.
M
en
t
nd
am
irr
or
-im
al
a
of
n
Fu
en
o
om
en
ttr
ib
u
ro
..
in
g
m
e.
..
no
ph
e
Ph
ti.
.
0%
st
-w
or
ld
Ju
6%
According to social exchange theory, a
person’s tendency toward altruistic
behaviour is based on:
63%
a) A determination of
the relatedness of
those who will be
affected.
b) A cost-benefit
analysis of any
action.
c) Social norms.
d) All of the above.
25%
ll
o
A
So
ci
al
ov
e.
ab
ft
he
no
rm
s.
i..
.
al
ys
an
ef
it
co
A
A
de
te
r
st
-b
en
m
in
a
tio
n
of
th
e
...
6% 6%
Which of the following is an
example of implicit prejudice?
s.
..
...
co
un
tr
ie
th
a
or
e
m
n
rta
i
ce
In
ea
ra
d
B
ar
ol
be
lie
rn
s
ve
is
s
w
hi
th
at
te
,
...
w
...
6%
C
d)
25%
,w
ho
c)
31%
ke
b)
38%
Jake, who is white, gives higher
evaluations to essays he
believes to be written by black
students than to white-authored
essays.
Carol believes that white
people are arrogant.
Brad earns more than Jane,
despite having the same job
skills, performance level, and
seniority.
In certain countries, women are
not allowed to drive.
Ja
a)
We tend to perceive the members of a ingroup as
___________ and the members of an
outgroup as _______________.
44%
a) Similar to one another;
different from one
another
b) Different from one
another; similar to one
another
c) Above average in ability;
below average in ability
d) Below average in ability;
above average in ability
38%
19%
B
er
ag
e
el
ow
av
av
er
ag
e
in
in
ab
ab
ili
t
..
ili
t..
...
an
on
e
ve
bo
A
iff
e
D
Si
m
ila
rt
re
n
o
on
e
tf
ro
m
an
o
th
e
r..
.
0%
Regarding the influence of alcohol and
testosterone on aggressive behaviour,
which of the following is true?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Consumption of alcohol increases
aggressive behavior; injections of
testosterone reduce aggressive
behaviour.
Consumption of alcohol reduces
aggressive behavior; injections of
testosterone increase aggressive
behaviour.
Consumption of alcohol and
injections of testosterone both
promote aggressive behaviour.
Consumption of alcohol and
injections of testosterone both
reduce aggressive behaviour.
Most people prefer mirror-image
photographs of their faces. This is best
explained by:
a) The principle of equality.
b) The principle of selfdisclosure.
c) The mere exposure effect.
d) Mirror-image perceptions.
38%
31% 31%
t..
.
..
ag
e
pe
r
ce
p
e.
ur
e
po
s
M
er
e
m
e
Th
irr
or
-im
ex
of
pl
e
pr
in
ci
e
Th
Th
e
pr
in
ci
pl
e
of
se
eq
ua
lfd.
..
lit
y
.
0%
Research studies have shown that frequent
exposure to sexually explicit films:
0%
..
lo
ft
h.
al
s
al
e
pr
od
uc
ay
M
M
ay
le
a
d
es
in
th
e
di
v
id
u
at
tit
u
..
d.
..
...
fri
e
’s
D
im
in
is
h
w
om
an
a
d)
12%
6%
es
c)
82%
ak
b)
Makes a woman’s
friendliness seem more
sexual.
Diminishes the attitude that
rape is a serious crime.
May lead individuals to
devalue their partners.
May produce all of the
above effects.
M
a)
Research studies indicate that in an
emergency situation, the presence of
others often:
..
ab
.
al
l
pe
Le
ad
s
to
ts
en
Pr
ev
he
of
t
le
op
le
op
pe
ts
en
Pr
ev
fr
om
...
...
fr
om
fr
om
...
le
op
pe
d)
0% 0%
ts
c)
25%
en
b)
75%
Prevents people from even
noticing the situation.
Prevents people from
interpreting an unusual
event as an emergency.
Prevents people from
assuming responsibility for
assisting.
Leads to all of the above.
Pr
ev
a)
Two neighboring nations are stockpiling weapons.
Each sees its neighbor’s actions as and act
of aggression and its own actions as self
defense. Evidently, these nations are victims
of:
63%
19%
13%
.
at
tri
..
am
en
ta
l
bi
e
Th
Th
e
fu
nd
se
lfs
er
vi
ng
ro
u
G
as
.
k.
6%
pt
hi
n
ce
.
ud
i
Pr
ej
a) Prejudice.
b) Groupthink.
c) The self-serving
bias.
d) The fundamental
attribution error.
a) Similarity in age
b) Common racial and
religious background
c) Similarity in physical
attractiveness
d) Physical proximity
lp
ro
xi
ys
Ph
in
rit
y
m
ila
Si
ic
a
ph
y
la
ia
ra
c
m
ity
...
la
si
ca
re
.
nd
in
rit
y
m
ila
om
m
on
C
0
..
ag
e
0% 0% 0% 0%
Si
30
Which of the following factors is the
most powerful predictor of
friendship?
Most researchers agree that:
30
to
o.
..
en
ce
vi
ol
ic
a
M
ed
ia
ox
ra
d
Pa
is
at
ch
lly
,w
tiv
e
ga
ne
a
is
i..
co
...
..
fa
ct
is
en
ce
er
e
0
Th
d)
0% 0% 0% 0%
vi
ol
c)
ed
ia
b)
Media violence is factor in
aggression.
There is a negative
correlation between
media violence and
aggressiveness.
Paradoxically, watching
excessive pornography
ultimately diminishes an
individual’s aggressive
tendencies.
Media violence is too
unreal to promote
aggression in viewers.
M
a)
When male students in an experiment were told that a
woman to whom they would be speaking had been
instructed to act in a friendly or unfriendly way, most
of them subsequently attributed her behavior to:
a) The situation.
b) The situation and her
personal disposition.
c) Her personal disposition.
d) Their own skill or lack of
30
skill in a social situation.
0
0% 0% 0% 0%
T
he
si
tu
e
Th
0
n
io
at
s
.
n
tio
a
itu
an
H
e
d
.
r..
he
n
so
r
e
rp
a
is
ld
po
e
Th
t..
si
ir
.
n
ow
sk
o
ill
rl
k
ac
..
Which of the following is true?
0%
0%
0%
0%
a) Attitudes and actions rarely
correspond.
b) Attitudes predict behaviour about half
the time.
c) Attitudes are excellent predictors of
behaviour.
d) Attitudes predict behaviour under
certain conditions.
0 of 30
a.
.
an
d
st
at
..
d
ro
u
fe
e
lp
w
ith
ey
Th
Th
os
e
e
w
ith
le
ss
le
ss
st
at
..
t..
tif
y
ju
s
to
os
0
Th
d)
0% 0% 0% 0%
d
c)
te
n
b)
They tend to justify the
social inequalities
between themselves
and others.
Those with less status
and power tend to
resent them.
Those with less status
and power appear less
capable.
They feel proud and are
boatful of their
achievements.
ey
a)
Th
30
People with power and status may
become prejudiced because:
Which of the following most accurately
states the effects of crowding on
behaviour?
w
e.
..
a.
..
s
C
ro
w
di
ng
us
u
al
ly
ot
e
ng
ro
w
di
C
ng
pr
om
so
m
et
im
es
...
..
pe
op
es
ro
w
di
C
0
C
ro
w
di
ng
0
0% 0% 0% 0%
m
ak
30
a) Crowding makes
people irritable.
b) Crowding sometimes
intensifies people’s
reactions.
c) Crowding promotes
altruistic behaviour.
d) Crowding usually
weakens the intensity
of people’s reactions.
co
nv
in
ce
si
tio
n
po
to
its
s
le
ab
e
B
a.
..
i..
.
..
si
tio
n
s
pr
es
Ex
ak
0
e
up
a
its
si
za
po
bl
e
d)
0% 0% 0% 0%
pr
es
c)
Ex
b)
Make up a sizable
portion of the group.
Express its position as
consistently as
possible.
Express its position in
the most extreme
terms possible.
Be able to convince a
key majority leader.
po
r ..
.
a)
M
30
Research has found that for a minority to
succeed in swaying a majority, the
minority must:
Which of the following conditions did
Milgram derive from his studies of
obedience?
l..
.
co
nc
ov
e
ab
ft
he
ll
o
A
Th
e
ne
ed
eo
to
pl
e
be
ar
e
ac
c
ab
ep
le
,..
...
.
le
...
op
pe
os
tp
0
ry
d)
M
c)
0% 0% 0% 0%
or
di
na
b)
Even ordinary people,
without any particular
hostility, can become
agents in a destructive
process.
Most people are able,
under the proper
circumstances, to
suppress their natural
aggressiveness.
The need to be accepted
by others is a powerful
motivating force.
All of the above
conclusions were reached.
en
a)
Ev
30
Which of the following best summarizes the
relative importance of personal control
and social control of our behaviour?
...
pe
an
d
al
li
Si
tu
a
tio
n
na
rs
o
Pe
rs
o
es
nc
nf
lu
e
in
flu
e
al
tio
n
tu
a
..
e.
..
nc
e.
..
nc
in
flu
e
Si
d)
al
0
of
30
0% 0% 0% 0%
tio
n
c)
tu
a
b)
Situational influences on
behaviour generally are much
greater than personal
influences.
Situational influences on
behaviour generally are slightly
greater than personal
influences.
Personal influences on
behaviour generally are much
greater than the situational
influences.
Situational and personal
influences interact in
determining our behaviour.
Si
a)
Which of the following best
describes how GRIT works?
0 of 30
..
ge
en
ag
de
s
de
s
si
si
tw
o
tw
o
Th
e
e
Th
ga
re
e
ge
ga
en
de
s
si
tw
o
e
..
..
...
si
de
o
tt
w
th
a
Th
d)
0% 0% 0% 0%
fa
ct
c)
e
b)
The fact that two sides in a
conflict have a great respect for
the other’s strengths prevents
further escalation of the problem.
The two sides engage in a series
of reciprocated conciliatory acts.
The two sides agree to have
their differences settled by a
neutral, third party mediator.
The two sides engage in
cooperation in those areas in
which shared goals are possible.
Th
a)
Which of the following is important in
promoting conformity in individuals?
vi
d
in
di
th
e
of
he
r
ze
si
e
Th
ua
l
..
ro
o
th
e
in
di
th
e
he
r
he
t
W
m
ua
.
vi
d
du
a
iv
i
in
d
an
he
r
he
t
W
0 of 30
..
0% 0% 0% 0%
l..
d)
he
t
c)
W
b)
Whether an individual’s
behaviour will be observed
in the group
Whether the individual is
male or female
The size of the room in
which a group is meeting
Whether the individual is of
a higher status than other
group members
..
a)
a) Social exchange
theory
b) Reward theory
c) Two-factor
theory
d) Attribution
theory
th
eo
ry
ttr
ib
u
ct
or
tio
n
th
eo
ry
A
or
y
ofa
R
ew
ar
d
th
e
Tw
ci
al
0
ex
ch
an
ge
th
e
or
y
0% 0% 0% 0%
So
30
Which theory describes how we explain others’ behaviour
as being due to internal dispositions or external
situations?
a) The group’s leader
fails to take a firm
stance on an issue.
b) A minority faction
holds to its position.
c) The group consults
with various experts.
d) Group polarization is
evident.
po
la
p
ro
u
G
is
.
n
tio
riz
a
ns
u
co
p
gr
ou
e
Th
..
w
...
n
tio
fa
c
rit
y
in
o
m
A
lts
ho
l
..
rf
ai
..
ad
e
le
p’
s
gr
ou
e
0
0% 0% 0% 0%
Th
30
Which of the following is most likely
to promote groupthink?
After waiting in line for an hour to buy concert tickets,
Teresa is told that the concert is sold out. In her
anger she pounds her fist on the ticket counter,
frightening the clerk. Teresa’s behaviour is best
explained by:
a) Evolutionary
psychology
b) The reciprocity norm
c) Social exchange
theory
d) The frustrationaggression principle
0 of 30
0% 0% 0% 0%
Ev
n
io
ut
ol
y
ar
y
ps
o
ch
T
he
...
oc
pr
i
c
re
ity
So
no
rm
e
al
ci
x
an
ch
ge
Th
e
th
e
y
or
a
tr
us
r
f
gg
-a
n
tio
.
r..
Before she gave a class presentation favouring
gun control legislation, Wanda opposed it.
Her present attitude favouring such
legislation can best be explained by:
a) Attribution theory.
b) Cognitive dissonance
theory
c) Social exchange theory
d) Evolutionary
psychology
0 of 30
ps
y
ch
th
e
ry
ge
ol
ut
io
na
Ev
ch
an
ex
ci
al
o.
..
or
y
...
nc
so
na
di
s
So
C
og
A
ni
tiv
e
ttr
ib
u
tio
n
th
eo
ry
.
0% 0% 0% 0%
a) Proofreading a page
for spelling errors
b) Typing a letter with
accuracy
c) Playing a difficult
piece on a musical
instrument
d) Running quickly
around a track
.
ar
o.
..
ie
.
un
R
ay
i
Pl
y
ck
l
qu
i
ni
ng
ng
a
di
ffi
cu
w
ith
le
tte
r
a
pi
ng
Ty
lt
p
a.
..
...
e
pa
g
a
di
ng
fre
a
0
0% 0% 0% 0%
Pr
oo
30
Which of the following would most likely
be subject to social facilitation?