* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lecture Ch14 AHS Fall 2010
Survey
Document related concepts
Group polarization wikipedia , lookup
Vested interest (communication theory) wikipedia , lookup
Albert Bandura wikipedia , lookup
Communication in small groups wikipedia , lookup
In-group favoritism wikipedia , lookup
Social tuning wikipedia , lookup
Introspection illusion wikipedia , lookup
Psychological egoism wikipedia , lookup
Attitude (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Impression formation wikipedia , lookup
False consensus effect wikipedia , lookup
Attitude change wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Attribution Theory • Attributing behavior of others to either internal disposition or external situations • Dispositional Attribution – Based on a person’s personality or characteristics • Situational Attribution – Based on a person’s situation or environment Attribution Theory • Fundamental Attribution Error – Make an attribution based on disposition when attribution should be situational • Self-serving Bias – Attributing one’s own behavior to situations but other’s behavior is dispositional Attribution Theory • Preexisting schema – A set of belief’s about other’s that leads to attribution that conforms to your expectations • Attractiveness Bias – The tendency to perceive attractive people as more competent than others Constructing Social Reality • Pygmalion effect – The tendency for people to behave according to the expectation of others • Self-Fulfilling prophecy – A belief that causes itself to become true • Behavioral expectation effect – A person influences another according to their own expectations Conformity • A principle that requires people to adjust their behavior or thinking to match a group standard • Normative Social Influence – Influence that draws on a person’s desire for approval or feeling of belonging to a group • Asch’s Conformity Studies – Individuals will change their answer if other’s are giving an answer different than their own Conformity • Bystander Effect – The likelihood of receiving help from a bystander – Depends on the number of bystander’s available • Reference Group – A group to which a person feels affiliated – If one person conforms than others will do the same Milgram’s Obedience Studies • Teacher and learner – Learner is asked questions and shocked for a wrong response – Nothing was happening to the learner – The real participant was the teacher – 67% of individuals obeyed up to 450 volts Milgrams Obedience Studies • Proximity of researcher • Legitimacy of authority • Emotional distance to the learner • No models of defiance • A bystander is present • Normative and informational influence • Ingrained habit Compliance • A change in a person's behavior that occurs in response to a direct request • Cognitive Dissonance – A disconnect between internal attitudes and external behavior • Lowball techniques – Offering an attractive deal, only to change terms later Compliance • Bait-and-Switch technique – Offer something but then substitute that offer with something else • Foot-in-the-door technique – Compliance with a small request increases likelihood of responding to a larger request Compliance • Shared identity – A feeling that you are similar to others in feeling, thought and behavior • Norm of reciprocity – A tendency to desire a return of favors • Door-in-the-face technique – Making a large request to obtain compliance for a smaller request Attitudes • An evaluative belief or opinion about a person, object or idea • Implicit attitude – An attitude that automatically influences one’s reactions • External attitude – An attitude that one holds consciously and can report to others Persuasion • A deliberate effort to change an attitude or belief • Central route – Paying attention to good arguments that are personally relevant and appeal to reason • Peripheral route – Evaluating an argument based on tangential cues rather than the merits of the argument Persuasion • Elaboration-Likelihood Model – Central route -motivation is high – Peripheral route -motivation is low • Perseverance Effect – It is difficult to shake an initial impression • Sleeper Effect – Forgetting the sources of unreliable information – Remembering information as being reliable Group Influence • Social Loafing – People believe that individual efforts do not matter – Being only one member makes effort less necessary • Deindividuation – People in a group relinquish personal responsibility Group Influence • Group polarization – The more members of a group discuss their ideas the more extreme the ideas become • Group think – A group members opinion becomes indistinguishable from the group Prejudice/Discrimination • Prejudice – An attitude toward a particular group • Discrimination – A behavior directed toward a particular group • In-group/Out-group phenomenon – A group that you are a part of has more diversity than the group that you do not belong to Stereotypes • A general belief about a group of people • Stereotype threat – A stereotyped group’s knowledge that they must work against stereotypes • Helpful to understand how our world works in GENERAL • Not helpful in understanding any one individual’s behavior Aggression • Behavior intended to harm another individual – Genetics – Alcohol and violence – Environmental • Childhood experiences • Learned expectations of others • Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis – An individuals becomes frustrated when goals are not fulfilled – Resulting behavior is aggression Altruism • Prosocial behavior carried out without concerns for one’s own safety or self-interest • Reciprocal altruism – The hope of some benefit in return at some point in the future • Egoism – The act of altruism with hope of receiving some benefit in return Altruism • Collectivism – Altruism that benefits the entire group • Principlism – Altruism as a result of principle • Why do we help? – Notice the situation – Identify as an emergency – Take responsibility – Decide on course of action