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Chapter 10
Moods Disorders
and
Suicide
TYPES OF MOOD DISORDER
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Depressive disorders
 Dysthymic disorder – Depressed mood most of the time
 Major depressive disorder – One or more major
depressive episodes
Bipolar disorders
 Cyclothymic disorder – Hypomanic episodes with
depressive symptoms
 Bipolar I disorder – Manic and depressive episodes
 Bipolar II disorder – Major depressive episodes but
without manic episodes
Other mood disorders
 Mood disorder due to general medical condition
 Substance-induced mood disorder
CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF
DEPRESSION
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Interactional theory
 Interaction between biological
characteristics, psychological
vulnerabilities, and stressful life events
or ongoing stressful life situations
Biological theory
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Abnormality in serotonin,
catecholamines, GABA, and acetylcholine
HEREDITY RISK OF DEVEOPING A
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
ACTION OF SEROTONIN AT SYNAPSES
A DEPRESSED BRAIN
TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION
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Biological treatment
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Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
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Psychodynamic focus on relationships and social
support in times of stress
Behavioral treatment
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Antidepressant drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Social skills training
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
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Change dysfunctional thought patterns and modify
maladaptive behaviors
HOW ECT MAY WORK TO “RESET” THE
HYPOTHALAMUS AND RETURN
EMOTIONAL BALANCE
MODERN ECT
CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR
DISORDER

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Cause
 Genetic vulnerability
 Environmental and family stress
Treatment
 Lithium and anticonvulsant drugs
 Family psychoeducation and therapy
MOOD COMBINATIONS FOUND IN
BIPOLAR DISORDER
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Mania – Episodes of abnormally elevated, expansive
or irritable mood
Hypomania- Milder elevated state
Depression – Diminished interest , energy, and
ability to enjoy pleasure
Mixed mania – Mania or hypomania occurs
simultaneously with depressive symptoms
Cyclothymia – Mood swings between hypomania
and less severe depression
Rapid cycling – Four or more episodes of
depression, mania, or hypomania that are separated
from each other by periods of relatively normal
mood
SUICIDE
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Mental illness and suicide
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Mental illness greatly increases probability of
suicide attempt.
Highest rate is for bipolar II disorder; lowest rate
is for unipolar depression.
Risk factors for Suicide
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Age – Teenagers, young adults, and people past
middle age are highest risk.
Sex – Men have higher completion rate.
Race and ethnicity – American Indian and Alaskan
Native groups have highest rates; white men the
next highest.
AGE-ADJUSTED SUICIDE RATES
Group
Men
Women
White
19.26
4.73
Black
11.63
1.97
Hispanic
11.19
1.74
American
Indian/Alaskan
Native
Asian Pacific
Islander
24.92
5.12
9.71
3.51
SUICIDE
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Themes for those with suicidal
preoccupations
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Life events and suicide
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Stressful life events, especially involving loss, may
be precipitating factors
Suicide contagion
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Negative expectations and hopeless
Perfectionism
Well-known person’s suicide can increase
Parasuicide – Suicidal behavior that does not
result in death
SUICIDE PREVENTION
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Increased awareness of suicidal
thinking
Provision of crisis centers
Changing cultural expectations about
dealing with the problem
Postvention programs after suicide
helps survivors
MAJOR WARNING SIGNS OF SUICIDE IN
ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
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Changes in eating and sleeping habits
Withdrawal from family, friends, and regular
activities
Violent actions, rebellious behaviors, running away
Drug and alcohol use
Neglect of personal appearance
Marked personality change
Somatic complaints (headaches and stomach aches)
Loss of interest in pleasurable activities
Inability to tolerate praise or rewards