Download What is a psychological disorder

PSYCHOLOGY:
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
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"Normal" or "Abnormal"? It is often a
judgment call and can depend on
culture.
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What is a psychological disorder:
• Several criteria exist for defining a psychological
disorder
• Violation of cultural standards behavior
• Exhibition of behavior harmful to self or others
• Experiencing distress
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Several views of Psychological Disorders Exist
• Medical Model – disease view
• Learning/Behavioral model – reinforcements
• Psychodynamic model – unconscious conflicts
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Insanity
is not a diagnostic label that psychologists
use. Rather, it is a legal term that refers to
the inability to take responsibility for one’s
actions. The law does not consider most
people with psychological disorders to be
insane. People can use an insanity defense
only if they were unable to distinguish
right from wrong at the time they
committed a crime.
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Facts: (Information provided via the National
Institute of Mental Health updated 2/17/2006)
26.2% of Americans (18 & older) or one in four
adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in
a given year
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• Main burden (serious mental illness) is 6% of
Americans or one in seventeen adults
• Severe mental illness is usually characterized
by three symptoms
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Affect (emotion) issues
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Mental disorders are the leading cause of disability
in the U.S. for ages 15-44
In the U.S., mental disorders are diagnosed based
on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV)
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Anxiety Disorders
PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
Fears, panic attacks,
anxiety
• Panic Disorder
• Agoraphobia
• Specific phobias
• Obsessive-Compulsive
disorder
• PTSD
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Anxiety Disorders:
• A chronic, high level of anxiety may be a sign of
an anxiety disorder
• 40 million American adults (18 & older) or 18.1%
have an anxiety disorder in a given year
• Most people with one anxiety disorder also have
another anxiety disorder
• The personality trait of neuroticism is associated
with a higher likelihood of having an anxiety
disorder
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Anxiety Disorders:
• Panic Disorder:
• A person cannot relax and is plagued by
frequent and overwhelming attacks of anxiety
• 6 million, or 2.7% of American adults per year
• Panic disorder typically develops in early
adulthood (median age of onset is 24)
• Attacks usually only last minutes
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Anxiety Disorders:
• Agoraphobia involves intense fear and anxiety of
any place or situation where escape might be
difficult, leading to avoidance of situations such as
being alone outside of the home; traveling in a car,
bus, or airplane; or being in a crowded area
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• A condition characterized by patterns of
persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors
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Anxiety Disorders:
• Post–traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A person
with this disorder persistently re-experiences a
highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli
associated with the trauma
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Affective (Mood)
Disorders
PRIMARY
SYMPTOMS
Excitement or
depression
• Depressive disorders
• Bipolar disorder
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Affective (Mood) Disorders:
• Characterized by marked disturbances in
emotional state, which affect thinking, physical
symptoms, social relationships, and behavior
• Includes major depressive disorder, bipolar
disorder
• 20.9 million American Adults or 9.5% suffer from a
mood disorder in a given year
• More prevalent in women
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Affective (Mood) Disorders:
• Major Depressive Disorder
• The "common cold" of psychological problems
because nearly everyone has suffered it at some
time
• constant sadness or irritability
• loss of interest in almost all activities
• low energy
• could include recurrent thoughts about suicide
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Affective (Mood) Disorders:
• Bipolar Disorder
• Alternating periods of mania (excessive elation
or manic excitement) and the profound sadness
of depression represent the two “poles”
• High incidence among highly creative people.
Ex. Vincent Van Gogh
• Can be genetic
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Somatoform
Disorders
PRIMARY
SYMPTOMS
Physical symptoms or
overconcern with
physical health
• Conversion Disorder
• Hypochondriasis
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Somatoform Disorders:
• Characterized by real physical symptoms that
cannot be fully explained by a medical condition, the
effects of a drug, or another mental disorder
• Conversion Disorder
• Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation – with
no discernable physical cause
• A conflict or other stressor precedes the onset
of these symptoms
• Ex. After being sexually assaulted, a young girl
loses the ability to speak. Her inability to speak
has no medical explanation
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Somatoform Disorders:
• Hypochondriasis
• Excessive concern about health and disease
• People with hypochondriasis, however, are not
delusional—they can acknowledge that their
worries might be excessive.
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Dissociative
Disorders
• Dissociative fugue
• Depersonalization
disorder
• Dissociative identity
disorder
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PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
Nonpsychotic
fragmentation of the
personality – a sense
that some parts of the
personality have
detached
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Dissociative Disorders:
• Dissociative disorders are characterized by
disturbances in consciousness, memory, identity,
and perception.
• Include amnesia (loss of memory or personal
information) and dissociative fugue (amnesia with
addition of "flight" from home)
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Dissociative Disorders:
• Dissociative Identity Disorder:
• Formerly called multiple personality disorder
• Individual displays multiple identities, or
personalities
• Despite perception (Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde), rarely
pose danger to others
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Dissociative Disorders:
• Dissociative Identity Disorder:
• occurrence of two or more personalities within
the same individual, each of which during some
time in the person's life is able to take control.
• must be combined with extensive areas of
memory loss that cannot be explained
• symptoms must not be better explained by
substance use or another medical condition
• Existence is highly debated
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
Eating Disorders
Extreme dieting or
binging and purging
•Anorexia nervosa
•Bulimia
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Eating Disorders:
• Females are much more likely than males to
develop an eating disorder
• In their lifetime, an estimated 0.5 percent to 3.7
percent of females suffer from anorexia, and an
estimated 1.1 percent to 4.2 percent suffer from
bulimia
• Eating disorders are often associated with other
mental disorders (ex. Depression)
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Eating Disorders:
• Anorexia, or persistent lack of appetite, can
develop because of physical problems. Anorexia
Nervosa develops when lack of appetite is caused
by emotional or psychological problems.
• Victims of Anorexia Nervosa hold a distorted
body image
•Bulimia
•Eating binges followed by “purges”
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Schizophrenia and
other Psychotic
Disorders
• Disorganized
schizophrenia
• Catatonic schizophrenia
• Paranoid schizophrenia
• Undifferentiated
schizophrenia
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PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
Psychotic deterioration
of the personality or
paranoid disturbances
of logic and reasoning
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Schizophrenic Disorders:
• Schizophrenia means “split or broken mind”
• The disorder breaks the unity of the mind,
sending its victims on meaningless mental detours
• Approximately 2.4 million American adults, or
about 1.1 percent of the population age 18 and
older in a given year, have schizophrenia
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
Personality Disorders
Chronic disorders
affecting all parts of the
personality
• Narcissistic personality
disorder
• Antisocial personality
disorder
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Personality Disorders:
• Involves a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and
maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social
relationships, or impulse control
•Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior
indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished
sense of responsibility to others
• Men are four times more likely to develop it than
women
• Jeffrey Dahmer
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Personality Disorders:
• Narcissistic personality disorder: characterized by
an exaggerated sense of importance, a strong desire
to be admired, and a lack of empathy
• Borderline personality disorder: characterized by
impulsive behavior and unstable relationships,
emotions, and self-image
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DSM-IV CATEGORY
Adjustment Disorders
and other Conditions
That May Be A Focus
of Clinical Attention
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PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
The patient has
problems but not a
major mental disorder
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Mental Disorders and Suicide
• In 2004, 32,439 (approximately 10.9 per
100,000) people died by suicide in the U.S
• More than 90 percent of people who kill
themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder,
most commonly a depressive disorder or a
substance abuse disorder
• Four times as many men as women die by
suicide; however, women attempt suicide two to
three times as often as men
• 11th leading cause of death in U.S. in 2004
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Labeling and the Consequences
• Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper
treatments, but diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize people and ignore the
social and cultural contexts, which their problems
arise.
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PSYCHOLOGY:
THEROPIES FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
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Correcting Misconceptions:
• Most therapists don't use a couch
• People seek therapy for a variety of issues that
may not be a mental disorder
• Many forms of therapy involve more than talk
and interpretation
Depending on the severity of the mental disorder,
therapy can take on different forms. There is one
constant: Therapy takes a variety of forms, but the
common element is a relationship focused on
altering behavior or mental processes.
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Types of Mental Health Workers:
What is the difference, and who should you see
for help
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Types of Mental health Care Professionals:
PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
Counseling psychologist
Provides help in dealing
master's in counseling,
with the common
PhD, EdD, or PsyD
problems of normal
living, such as
relationship problems,
childrearing, occupational
choice, and school
problems. Typically work
in schools, clinics, or
other institutions
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CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
Clinical psychologist
Trained primarily to work PhD or PsyD
with those who have
more severe disorders.
Usually in private
practice or employed by
mental health agencies or
by hospitals. Not
licensed to prescribe
drugs.
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CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
Psychiatrist
A specialty of medicine:
MD
deals with severe mental
problems - most often by
means of drug therapies.
May be in private practice
or employed by clinics or
mental hospitals.
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CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
Psychoanalyst
Practitioners of Freudian
therapy, Usually in
private practice
MD - In the U.S. they are
usually Psychiatrists who
have taken additional
training in psychoanalysis
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
Psychiatric nurse
practitioner
a nursing specialty,
licensed to prescribe
drugs for mental
disorders. May work in
private practice, clinics,
or hospitals
RN - plus specialty
training in mental
disorders and prescribing
drugs
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
Clinical social worker
Social workers with a
specialty in dealing with
mental disorders
MSW (Master of Social
Work)
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PROFESSIONAL
TITLE
SPECIALITY AND
COMMON WORK
SETTINGS
Pastoral counselor
A member of a religious varies
order or ministry who
specializes in treatment of
psychological disorders.
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CREDENTIALS AND
QUALIFICATIONS
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Psychotherapy
• The treatment of psychological problems through
confidential verbal communications with a mental
health professional
• The approach a psychotherapist uses depends on
his or her theoretical orientation.
• Types of approaches include psychodynamic,
cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral.
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Psychodynamic Approaches :
• All of the many psychodynamic therapies derive
from the treatment called psychoanalysis
• Psychoanalytic treatment focuses on uncovering
unconscious motives, conflicts, and defenses that
relate to childhood experiences
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Psychodynamic Approaches :
• Some techniques commonly used in
psychoanalysis
• Free association: Psychoanalysts encourage
clients to say anything that comes to mind.
• Reveal the client’s unconscious to the
psychoanalyst.
• Dream analysis: Dreams also reveal the
subconscious. Clients describe their dreams
and the psychoanalyst interprets the hidden
meaning
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Cognitive Approaches :
• Cognitive therapies aim to identify and change
maladaptive thinking patterns that can result in
negative emotions and dysfunctional behavior
• Cognitive therapists try to change their clients’
ways of thinking
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Behavioral Approaches :
• Behavior therapies use learning principles to
modify maladaptive behaviors
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
• Two previously warring camps combined to form a
new understanding of mental disorders. Cognitive
psychology looks inwards, emphasizing mental
processes, while behaviorism looks outward,
emphasizing the influence of the environment.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has become one of
the most prominently used methods of treatment
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Humanistic Approaches :
• Try to help people accept themselves and free
themselves from unnecessary limitations
• Humanistic therapists tend to focus on the
present situation of clients rather than their past
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OTHER TYPES OF THERAPY :
• Group Therapies - Group members discuss their
problems and experiences with one another and
consider different ways of coping. They provide
each other with acceptance, support, and honest
feedback
• Family Therapy
• Biomedical Therapies - aims to treat
psychological disorders with medications
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