Download AP PP Meyers disorders - Unit 12

Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Additions to PP by Loretta Merlino
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Unit 12:
Abnormal Psychology
Objective
• I will be able to identify and apply information
about psychological disorders on individual
and group assignments.
Introduction-Essential Questions:
• How do we define psychological
disorders?
• How should we classify
psychological disorders?
• What makes a thought or
behavior abnormal/ a
psychological disorder?
Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
Unit Overview-Essential
Questions: What are
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Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
Rates of Disorder
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
What do you think would classify a
behavior/though as a
“Psychological Disorder”
How should we define psychological disorders?
Leave a space where there are spaces provided
• 1.ongoing patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions
that are
• 2. deviant From what? _________________Context
helps to determine this__________________
• 3. distressful (to who________________) and
• 4. maladaptive/dysfunctional
(how?____________________)
Do psychological disorders change over time and why?
Homosexuality dropped by the APA in 1973
Defining Psychological Disorders
• Psychological disorders
• Definition varies by
context/culture (Ex. Koro-China
and SE Asia)
• Attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)-lets read-563
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Medical Model
Middle Ages-devil, possession-treatment: beatings,
burning, castration, exorcism, trephination, pulling teeth,
cauterizing the clitoris, transfusions of animal blood
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Medical Model
*Philippe Pinel (1745 to 1826), France:
reformer, saw as sickness of mind caused by
severe stresses and inhumane conditions
His cures: unchaining, talking, boosting moral
By 1800s discovery of syphilis brain infection led to
further reform, hospital replaces asylums,
cures/treatments sought, led to
• *Medical model
– Mental illness ( also called psychopathology) diagnosed
according to symptoms and cured through therapy and
treatment, including in psychiatric hospitals
Understanding Psychological Disorders
The Biopsychosocial Approach emerges
• Medical Model was not sufficient
The Biopsychosocial Approach
to Psychological Disorders
Classifying Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders –
DSM: description of symptoms
and courses of disorders-does
not give treatment
–DSM-5 in 2013
• International Classification of
Diseases (ICD-10)
Classifying Psychological Disorders
P. 566-Axes No Longer Used-IGNORE
Criticisms of the DSM
• 60 disorder categories in 1950 to 400 today
• # of adults diagnosed expanded, 26 % at any
given year and 46 % in their lifetime
• More children being diagnosed, tripled to
6,000,000since the 1990s
• Increase in disorders and people diagnosed
since 1950. Overall, it is helpful in diagnosing
Labeling Psychological Disorders-criticizms
• Rosenhan’s study (p 567-568)
• Power of labels-what do you
think this power is?
–Preconception can stigmatize
• Insanity label-should they be hospitalized or
jailed?
• Stereotypes of the mentally ill (Silence of the
Lambs)
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
Disorders Stated in College Board,
AP
Psychology
Standards
• anxiety disorders
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trauma- and stressor-related disorders
obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
depressive disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
dissociative disorders
personality disorders
schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
somatic symptom and related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurocognitive disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders
– Generalized anxiety disorder
– Panic disorder
– Phobia
– Separation Anxiety Disorder
Related Disorders:
– Obsessive-compulsive disorder
– Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder
– 2/3 women
– Symptoms are…,
and often accompanied
by depressed mood, disabling
– Person can not deal
with this because
they cannot pinpoint
the cause of their anxiety, frequently
feel nervous
– Free floating anxiety was the
Term used by Freud
Anxiety Disorders
• Panic disorder
–Panic attacks (similar symptoms
as being in fight or flight stage of
the sympathetic NS); no event
precedes attack
–1 in 75 persons
Anxiety Disorders-Copy Entire Slide
A. Phobias (1.specific and 2.social
anxiety disorder-previously social
phobia)
– Specific phobia (snakes, heights, etc…
Agoraphobia (is a specific phobia)
=open/public spaces, stays in house due to
panic atttacks, fears being unable to escape
-Social anxiety disorder(situations in which one
could embarrass oneself)
B. Separation Anxiety Disorder –onset
before or after 18
Phobias-p. 571
Phobias-p 571
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
OCD(copy slide)
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
– An obsession (repetitive thoughts) versus a
compulsion(repetative actions)
– Checkers (check)
– Hand washers
OCD (copy slide)
• More common among teens/young adults
• As one ages, symptoms may improve
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-p. 572
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-p. 572
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-p. 572
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
New OCD Related Disorders (involve
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repetitive behaviors and anxiety)
Hoarding disorder
Excoriation (skin picking)
Trichotillomania (hair pulling)
Body dysmorphic disorder (focus on
imagined or slight flaws-results in
checking self in mirror, compulsive
exercise, frequent plastic surgery)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (under
Traumaand
Stressor-Related
Disorders)
1. Post-traumatic stress disorder
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– PTSD
– “shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
– In one study of 104,000 returning from Iraq/ Afghanistan, 1 in 4
PSTD
– Not just due to a war situation
– Can get from observing others being
Victimized, or hearing about it
-anxiety, depression, flashbacks
- May suffer from other
Psychopathologies (co-morbitity)
Post-traumatic growth (suffering has
transforming power)
2. Reactive Attachment Disorderand
3. Disinhibited social engagement disorder
(similar to ADHD symptoms)
Both due to social neglect
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
The Learning Perspective (copy slide)
• Fear conditioning (Leave space
after each term):
1. Classical Conditioning
–Stimulus generalization
2. Reinforcement
(Operant Conditioning)
3. Observational learning
Understanding Anxiety Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• Natural selectionAfraid of things that
can harm us (preparedness hypothesis)
-obsessive acts
protect (checking, washing)
• Genes
– Anxiety gene, some are
predisposed to anxiety (twins
reared apart have similar
phobias)
– Glutamate, neurotransmitter,
regulated by genes; too much glutamate leads to over activity in
brain’s alarm centers
• The Brain
– Anterior cingulate cortex that monitors actions and checks for errors,
hyperactive in those with OCD
Somatic Symptom Disorders
(Previously Somatoform Disorders)
Somatic Symptom Disorders
copy all of this:
• Somatic Symptom disorders (manifesting a
psychological problem through a physical disorder)
Somatic=body
– 1. Conversion disorder-very specific physical
symptoms (paralysis) -no physiological reason;
no sense of urgency from one who suffers
– 2. Illness Anxiety Disorder (previously
hypochondriasis)-interprets normal physical
sensations as disease-goes to doctors for it, talks
about it, etc…
– 3. Factitious Disorder to self (aka Munchausen)
=simulate, or cause symptoms of an illness and/or
injury to self, or Factitious Disorder to others
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
(copy slide)
• Dissociative disorders-rare;
change in consciousness-who we
are- often due to extremely
stressful situations
• Dissociate =to become separated
1. Dissociative (aka-psychogenic)
Amnesia (leave space for notes)
With or without dissociative
fugue/psychogenic fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2.Dissociative identity disorder
(DID)
– Two or more distinct personalities, can be observed
or self reported (a.k.a., Multiple personality disorder)
– Chris Sizemore,
born 1927
22 personalitiesshe observed two
violent deaths early on
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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Many DID patients suffered from severe
sexual/physical abuse as children
(set on fire by parents, used in child pornography,
sexual abuse)
Rates: 2 diagnosed in North America per decade, 1930 to
1960
1980 first code for DID in DSM, 20,000 cases
Displayed personalities also mushroomed from 3 to 12
More prevalent in North America
Rare in Britain
Non-existent India and Japan
Understanding Dissociative Identity
Disorder (copy)
• Genuine disorder or not?
• DID rates (increase in) lead some
to believe it is:
Therapist’s creation
• Differences from culture to culture
are too great
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
(Copy slide)
Mood disorders (a.k.a Affective Disorders)
1.Major depressive disorder (a.k.a Unipolar Depression)
(leave 6 spaces here)
2. Disruptive mood deregulation disorder (similar to
bipolar but for children to age 18)
3. Seasonal Affective Disorder change in daylight hours in
winter/spring causes circadian rhythm disturbance , sleep
less due to serotonin changes-serotonin impacted by sun
light-treatment phototherapy (boosts serotonin levels in
brain)
4. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Bipolar disorder (formally, Manic Depressive Disorder-now
under Bipolar and Related Disorders)
(leave 5 spaces here)
Major Depressive Disorder
(copy entire slide)
• Major depressive disorder (must be present for
more than 2 wks;
can be due to clear incident-family deathor no known reason/incident)
• Most common mood Disorder
-the “common cold” of disorders
– Lethargic
– Feelings of worthlessness
– Loss of interest in family and friends,
Activities
-little interest in eating or overeating
Major Depressive Disorder-P. 585
Suicide and Depression
Common for people who commit suicide to have
talked about it
Women attempt suicide more often than do
men, but men more likely to die from
attempts due to more lethal means
Suicide is one of the most common causes of
death among young people
Suicide is attempted NOT only by people who
are depressed.
Understanding Mood Disorders
• Women more vulnerable to major
depression than men
• Most major depressive episodes selfterminate
• Stressful events related to work, marriage and
close relationships often precede depression
• With each new generation, depression comes
earlier and affects more people
Bipolar Disorder
(copy entire slide)
• Bipolar Disorder=Mania &
Depression
–Mania (manic)
• Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, risky
behaviors, invincible…..
“What goes up, must come down”
– Men and women affected equally
Understanding Mood Disorders-p.
582
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• Genetic Influences
– Mood disorders run in families
• Heritability (1 in 2 that identical twin of one with
mood disorder will be affected)
• Overall hereditability is 35 to 40%
Linkage analysis (analyze genes for genetic
causes of illness or disorders) : with
depression, many genes at work with
environmental factors to put people at risk)
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective
• The depressed brain:
Less brain activity during depression
More during manic state
Hippocampus, brain’s memory-processing center, linked
with emotions circuits and vulnerable to stress related
damage
Biochemical influences-two neurotransmitters
involved:
Norepinephrine (increases arousal and boosts
moods) is low during depression and high during
mania
Serotonin (mood, hunger, sleep, arousal) scarce
during depression- REMEMBER THIS AS THE
MAIN MOOD/DEPRESSION Neurotransmitter
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective-p 586
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
• Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
– Self-defeating beliefs
• Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
• Over thinking (to ruminate)
– Explanatory style (how one explains events in one’s life)
view (Seligman-dog research)that is:
• Stable (‘this prob. Will last forever”), global (“it will effect all
I do.”), internal explanations (all my fault)
– Seligman (key figure) feels depression is common among
young Westerners due to rise of individualization and decline
in commitment to religion young people to take personal
responsibility for failure
Understanding Mood Disorders
Explanatory Style
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Depression’s Vicious Cycle:
– 1. Stressful experience results in
– 2. Negative explanatory style, results in
– 3. Depressed mood, results in
– 4. Cognitive and behavioral changes,
results in the cycle repeating (number
1)
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Vicious Cycle of Depression -p.589
Biopsychosocial Approach to
Depression-pg. 465
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
No Longer Different Types of
Schizophrenia-p. 591
No longer in DSM 5 (DO NOT NEED TO KNOW)
Schizophrenia (symptoms)
• Schizophrenia (split mind)-split from reality, with
1.disorganized thinking (Delusions), 2. disturbed
perceptions (Hallucinations) and 3. inappropriate
emotions/actions
• It is a psychotic (break from reality) disorder with
irrationality and
lost contact with
reality
– Not multiple
personalities
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized Thinking (copy slide)
1. Disorganized thinking
–Delusions
• Delusions of persecution (others out
to get me/recording me-paranoid)
• Word Salad
• Delusions of Granduer (I am Jesus)
–Breakdown in selective attention
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disturbed Perceptions (Copy Slide)
2. Disturbed perceptions=
Hallucinations(visual=
seeing things not there,
or verbal=hearing
Voices= is most common)
(copy slide)Symptoms of Schizophrenia
3.Inappropriate Emotions and Actions
Inappropriate Emotions
– Flat affect (lack of emotions)verses
heightened emotions
Inappropriate Actions
– Catatonia/catatonic= no movement
Can have Waxy flexibility (leave space) or
-constant senseless emotion
– Disruptive social behavior (I’ll explain)
Schizophrenia Spectrum and
Other Psychotic Disorders
• Schizoaffective Disorder=
Schizophrenia with a mood disorder
• Delusional Disorder (not due to other
disorder): nonbizzare =could be possibleboyfriend cheating; a friend is a government
agent, etc…(or)bizarre=someone replaced
heart with a battery
• Catatonia= catatonic –can be due to medical
condition or other disorder
Onset and Development
(copy *)
• Statistics on schizophrenia: 1 in 100 people; 24 million across
the world
• *Onset –entering into adulthood, all cultures, slightly more often
in men (struck younger)
• *Positive (hallucinations, disorganized speech, laughing, tears or
rage)versus negative symptoms (toneless voices,
expressionless, mute, rigid bodies)
• *Positive symptoms= presence of inappropriate behaviors
• *Negative Symptoms=absence of appropriate behaviors
• *Chronic (aka-process) schizophrenia=slow onset: recovery
doubtful
• *Acute (aka-reactive) schizophrenia=sudden onset: recovery
more likely
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities (copy all)
• *Dopamine Overactivity/hypothesis-have excess D4
dopamine receptors; this intensifies brain signals and
creates positive symptoms (hallucinations and paranoia)
– *Dopamine blocking drugs lesson symptoms
*Drugs that increase
dopamine (stimulants) intensify
Symptoms
*dopamine overactivity over
reaction to irrelevant stimuli
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities
• Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy
–Frontal lobe and core brain activity
–Fluid filled areas of the brain
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities
• *Low activity in frontal lobe (reasoning,
planning, problem solving)
• *Thalamus (filters sensory signals and sends
to cortex)-when hallucinating activity seen
here
• *amygdala (fear processing center)-increased
activity seen for people with paranoia
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities
• Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Studies show:
–*Possible Influence of the flu during
pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia
Genetic Factors (copy slide)
• *6 in 10 chance for identical twins due to shared
placenta
• *Child whose parent has it , has increased risk
• *Genetic predisposition and
the Diathesis-Stress Model/
Vulnerably Stress Hypothesis=
Environmental stressors can
provide circumstances that trigger
the disorder; explains why not all
Identical twins share disorder
Understanding Schizophrenia
Psychological Factors
• Possible warning signs
– Mother severely schizophrenic
– Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation
during birth)
– Separation from parents
– Short attention span
– Poor muscle coordination
– Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
– Emotional unpredictability
– Poor peer relations and solo play
Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders=disruptive, inflexible, enduring
behavior patterns that impair social functioning
– Anxiety cluster:
*Dependent (very needy)
*Obsessive Compulsive (order and control, perfectionist)
*Avoidant (oversensitive to criticism avoids social situations)
- Eccentric cluster:
*Paranoid (others out to get them)
*Schizoid (No social relationships)
– Dramatic/impulsive cluster:
*Histrionic (center of attention, dramatic, emotionally shallow)
*Narcissistic (exaggerated belief of importance, arrogant)
Personality Disorders
*Antisocial personality disorder
–Previously Sociopath or psychopath
Understanding
Antisocial personality disorder
• *Typically male
• *Lack of consciousness for wrongdoing, even
towards family and friends, apparent by age 15 (in
non adults, it is called Conduct Disorder):
*Lies, steals, fights, unrestrained sexual behavior;
Half of these children become antisocial adults
*Antisocial personalities feel and fear little
WHY??? Pp. 597-598
*Differences in the brains frontal lobe that controls
aggressive/impulsive behavior
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurodevelopmental
Disorders
1. Intellectual Disability (name change from mental retardation)=IQ below 70 and
impaired functioning
2. Communication Disorders (speech and communication issues)
• expressive or receptive language issues
• speech sound disorder
• fluency disorder (stuttering)
• social communication disorder (difficulties in the social uses of verbal and
nonverbal communication)
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder 1. deficits in social communication and interaction 2.
repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities (likes routines) 3. heightened
perception of senses
4. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity
5. Specific Learning Disorder (reading-includes dyslexia-, writing, math)
6. Motor Disorders= developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement
disorder (ex-hand waving or head banging), Tourette’s disorder (motor or vocal
tics)
Neurocognitive Disorders-minor or major
(dementia=decline in mental functioning- due to
different causes, such as Alzheimer's)
Feeding and Eating disorders
Pica (eats non food ), Rumination Disorder
(throws up and re-chew/eats), Anorexia
(starve), Bulimia (binge/purge), Bing Eating
Disorder (binge/guilt), Restrictive Food Intake
Disorder (don’t fear weight gain and don’t have
distorted body image (may fear choking, dislike
food’s texture, etc…)
Rates of Disorder
Rates of Disorder
• Mental health
statistics
• Influence of poverty
(chicken and egg
debate), crosses
ethnic and gender
lines
• Phobias and antisocial by
age 10
• Other disorders by early 20s
The End
Definition
Slides
Psychological Disorder
= deviant (from the norm), distressful, and
dysfunctional patterns of thoughts,
feelings, or behaviors.
Attention-deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the
appearance by age 7 of one or more of
three key symptoms; extreme inattention,
hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Medical Model
= the concept that diseases, in this case
psychological disorders, have physical
causes that can be diagnosed, treated,
and, in most cases, cured often through
treatment in a hospital.
DSM-V
= the American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013)-a
widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders.
Anxiety Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized
by distressing, persistent anxiety or
maladaptive behaviors that reduce
anxiety.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
= an anxiety disorder in which a person is
continually tense, apprehensive, and in a
state of autonomic nervous system
arousal.
Panic Disorder
= an anxiety disorder marked by
unpredictable minutes-long episodes of
intense dread in which a person
experiences terror and accompanying
chest pain, choking, or other frightening
sensations.
Phobia
= an anxiety disorder marked by a
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of
a specific object, activity, or situation.
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
= an anxiety related disorder characterized
by unwanted repetitive thoughts
(obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions).
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
(PTSD)
= an anxiety related disorder characterized
by haunting memories, nightmares, social
withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or
insomnia that lingers for four weeks or
more after a traumatic experience.
Post-traumatic Growth
= positive psychological changes as a result
of struggling with extremely challenging
circumstances and life crises.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
(Formerly Somatoform Disorders)
= psychological disorder in which the
symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form
without apparent physical cause.
Conversion Disorder
= a rare somatic symptom disorder in which
a person experiences very specific
genuine physical symptoms for which no
psychological basis can be found.
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Formerly
Hypochondriasis)
= a somatic symptom disorder in which a
person interprets normal physical
sensations as symptoms of the disease.
Dissociative Disorders
= disorders in which conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from
previous memories, thoughts, and
feelings.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
= a rare dissociative disorder in which a
person exhibits two or more distinct and
alternating personalities. Formerly called
multiple personality disorder.
Mood Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by
emotional extremes.
Major Depressive Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person
experiences, in the absence of drugs or a
medical condition, two or more weeks of
significantly depressed moods, feelings of
worthlessness, and diminished interest or
pleasure in most activities.
Mania
= a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive,
wildly optimistic state.
Bipolar Disorder
= a mood disorder in which the person
alternates between the hopelessness and
lethargy of depression and the overexcited
state of mania. (formerly called manicdepressive disorder.)
Schizophrenia
= a severe disorder characterized by
disorganized and delusional thinking,
disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate
emotions and actions.
Delusions
= false beliefs, often of persecution or
grandeur, that may accompany psychotic
disorders.
Personality Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
= a personality disorder in which the person
(usually a man) exhibits a lack of
conscience for wrongdoing, even toward
friends and family members. May be
aggressive and ruthless or a clever con
artist.