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16.4 Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders • Schizophrenia: a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. • Delusions: false beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence. • Hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause. Symptoms -inappropriate emotion for the circumstance. -deterioration in normal movement. -incoherence -decline in previous levels of functioning. -diverted attention Types of Schizophrenia • Paranoid Type: hallucinations and delusions, including grandeur: “I am the savior of my people.” Also persecution: someone is watching. • Disorganized Type: incoherent language and emotion. • Catatonic type: may remain motionless for long periods of time. • Remission type: given to people whose symptoms are almost completely gone, or exist but aren’t severe. • Undifferentiated type: basic symptoms of schizophrenia. • Burned out: can’t function normally in society. Causes of Schizophrenia -affects approx. 1% of the US population. • Biological Influences: -Odds increase to 10% if already in the family. -Likely a result of genetic and environmental factors. -Where both parents are diagnosed with Schizophrenia 50% of children show no signs. …thus, we can’t specify the exact contribution heredity makes. Biochemistry and Physiology: -too much/little of certain chemicals has upset the brain’s mechanisms for processing information. -dopamine hypothesis: too much dopamine. -CT and MRI scans often show signs of deteriorated brain tissue. Family and Interactions: -Studies show that families of individuals who later develop Schizophrenia are often on the verge of falling apart. Diathesis-stress hypothesis: a person may inherit a predisposition toward Schizophrenia and from there environmental factors play a role. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder: severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities. -spend at least two weeks feeling sad, anxious, fatigued, and agitated. -cannot be attributed to loss of a loved one. Symptoms: at least four of the following symptoms: problems with eating, sleeping, thinking, concentrating, or decision making, lacking energy, thinking about suicide, and feelings of worthlessness. • Bipolar Disorder: Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression. • -manic phase • -depressive phase • Seasonal Affective Disorder: SAD: People that struggle with depression throughout winter and spirits lift only with the coming of spring. • -melatonin • Mood disorders: • Cognitive, Biological, Genetic • (Serotonin) Suicide and Depression • -Not all people who commit suicide are depressed and not all depressed people attempt suicide. • Happens for many reasons: Escape from physical or emotional pain – perhaps terminal illness or the loneliness of old age. In many cases we simply don’t know. • 30,000 Americans end their lives every year. More women than men attempt suicide, but more men than women succeed. • Fourth most common cause of death between the ages of 1865. • Contrary to popular belief, people who threaten suicide or make an unsuccessful attempt usually are serious. 70% of people who kill themselves had threatened to do so within the past three months.