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Mood Disorders Module 50 1 Psychological Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder Explaining Mood Disorders 2 Mood Disorders Emotional extremes of mood disorders come in two principal forms. 1. Major depressive disorder 2. Bipolar disorder 3 Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year 5.8% men and 9.5% women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). Blue mood Major Depressive Disorder Gasping for air after a hard run Chronic shortness of breath 4 Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. 1. 2. 3. 4. Signs include: Lethargy and tiredness Feelings of worthlessness Loss of interest in family & friends Loss of interest in activities 5 Dysthymic Disorder Dysthymic disorder lies between blue mood and major depressive disorder. A disorder characterized by daily low level depression lasting two years or more. Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder Major Depressive Disorder 6 Bipolar Disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder, alteration between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Tired Slowness of thought Desire for action Hyperactive Multiple ideas 7 Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phases, their creativity surged and dropped off during their depressive phases. Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Wolfe George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library Bettmann/ Corbis Whitman Clemens Hemingway 8 Theory of Depression 3. Gender differences 9 Theory of Depression 4. Depressive episodes self-terminate. 5. Depression is increasing, especially in the teens. Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images Post-partum depression 10 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. Rates of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Jerry Irwin Photography Linkage analysis and associations studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. 11 Neurotransmitters & Depression Reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been implicated in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. Pre-synaptic Neuron Norepinephrine Serotonin Post-synaptic Neuron 12 The Depressed Brain PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine 13 Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles. 14 Depression Cycle 1. The negative stressful events. 2. Pessimistic explanatory style. 3. Hopeless depressed state. 4. Hampers the way the individual thinks and acts, and thus fuels personal rejection. 15 Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed. 16