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Abnormal Psychology Psychological Disorders: Mood/Affective, Personality, Schizophrenic Mood Disorders Significant & chronic disruption in mood Causes impaired cognitive, behavioral, & physical functioning Differentiated from normal moods by Duration Intensity Absence of cause Major (Unipolar) Depression • “Common Cold” of Disorders • Unhappy for more than two weeks w/no clear reason • Sadness, hopelessness, guilt • Lethargic, slow movements • Loss of interest, does not enjoy usual activities • Difficulty concentrating • Negativity, suicidal thoughts • Changes in appetite, sleep disturbances, restlessness Mood Disorders • Seasonal Affective Disorder Experience depression during certain time of year – 1-2% of U.S. population Bipolar Disorder • Alternate between depressed and manic episodes • Mania includes high energy, euphoria, impulsiveness & risky behavior – Rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, grandiosity Prevalence of Bipolar Disorder • 2 million Americans each year • Onset in early twenties • Affects men & women in equal rates • Recurring, chronic disorder that responds well to drug therapy Bipolar Brain Dysthymic Disorder • Chronic depression, but not as severe • Constant low mood • Symptoms for at least 2 years Cyclothymic Disorder • Similar to bipolar, but more mild • Short periods of mild depression and less extreme mania Mood Disorders- Suicide Suicides per 70 100,000 people 60 50 The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood 40 30 20 10 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Males Females Mood Disorders-Depression 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 3 Depressed mood • The vicious cycle of depression 2 can be Negative explanatory style broken at any point Theoretical Causes of Mood Disorders • Psychodynamic anger directed toward the self, overly punitive superego • Behavioral/learning reinforcement – Lack social skills needed to gain positive social reinforcement from others Cognitive Views on Causes of Mood Disorders • Psychologist Aaron Beck states that unreasonably negative ideas about selves and the world cause mood disorders • Attributional style – Learned helplessness person feels unable to control aspects of future due to prior experiences (“no matter how hard I try, I will never succeed”) Biological Causes of Mood Disorders • Neurotransmitter imbalances - Unipolar depression = low serotonin, abnormal levels of norepinephrine - Bipolar disorder = more receptors for acetylcholine • Twin, family, and adoptive studies indicate a genetic predisposition Genetics & Risk of Mood Disorders James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission. Return Personality Disorders Inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair functioning Recognizable by adolescence Axis II of DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disorder • Lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards family/friends • Irresponsible, reckless, criminal behaviors • No guilt or remorse • Punishment does not matter Charles Manson Jeffrey Dahmer Ted Bundy Timothy McVeigh Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) • Unstable & intense relationships w/others – Extreme fear of abandonment • Instability of emotions and self-image • Impulsive • Self-destructive behaviors • Distorted thoughts and perceptions Personality Disorders • PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer Histrionic Personality Disorder • Displays shallow, attentiongetting emotionality • Need to be the center of attention • Extreme emotional reactions to minor events • Overdramatic Narcissistic Personality Disorder • Grandiose sense of self-importance • Fantasies of success or power • Need for constant attention & admiration • Inappropriate reactions to criticism • Feels entitled Dependent Personality • Excessively lacking in self-esteem • Passively allowing others to make all decisions • Constantly subordinating own needs to others’ needs Avoidant Personality • Sensitive to potential rejection • Socially withdrawn in spite of desire for acceptance from others Paranoid Personality • Showing pervasive and unwarranted suspiciousness and mistrust of people • Overly sensitive • Prone to jealousy • NOT schizophrenic – no hallucinations or delusions – patient is still somewhat grounded in reality Theoretical Causes of Personality Disorders • Psychodynamic inability of superego to resolve conflicts (Oedipal complex leads to lack of guilt) • Learning childhood experiences lead to maladaptive ways of relating to others • Cognitive misinterpretation of social info • Biological somewhat genetic - Parts of brain – prefrontal cortex, gray matter, etc. - Lack of autonomic nervous system arousal Positive Symptoms 1) Disordered, distorted thinking 2) Hallucinations – perceptions without any sensory stimulation Schizophrenic Disorders Inappropriate affect – emotional responses not suitable to the situation Positive Symptoms 3) Delusions – beliefs that have no basis in reality - Delusions of persecution – belief that people are out to get you - Delusions of grandeur – belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do Schizophrenic Disorders: Negative Symptoms • Flat affect – no emotional response • Inability to enjoy oneself • Lack of personal hygiene Disorganized Schizophrenia • Disorganized speech - Make up own words (neologisms) - Nonsense words (clang associations) • Inappropriate or flat affect • Lack of hygiene Paranoid Schizophrenia • Delusions of persecution • Possible auditory (most common) or visual hallucinations • Social withdrawal • Irrational behavior • Little verbal communication Catatonic Schizophrenia • Impairment in motor activity - Periods of rigid or slow activity • May hold unusual, difficult postures for hours - Waxy flexibility • Mutism – cannot speak but report hearing and comprehending what others were saying Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Disordered thinking but no symptoms of other types of schizophrenia Chronic v. Acute Schizophrenia • Chronic = gradually developed • Acute = sudden onset Warning signs… • Low birth weight • Short attention span • Poor muscle coordination Biological Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic factors – Abnormality on fifth chromosome • Dopamine hypothesis – too much dopamine in the brain Biological Causes of Schizophrenia • Evidence of prenatal viral infection-based cause • Abnormalities in brain structures/functioning – Brain asymmetries – Fluid-filled ventricles are enlarged in some patients – Smaller thalamus Other Causes • Psychodynamic regression to early childhood • Cognitive Double-binds = person is given contradictory messages