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Chapter Introduction Section 1: What are Psychological Disorders? Section 2: Anxiety Disorders Section 3: Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Section 4: Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders Section 5: Personality Disorders and Drug Addiction Chapter Objectives · Section 1 What are Psychological Disorders? Explore how psychologists draw the line between normal and abnormal behavior by looking at deviance, adjustment, and psychological health. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 Anxiety Disorders Describe how anxiety disorders are marked by excessive fear, caution, and attempts to avoid anxiety. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Explain how dealing with anxiety and stress can bring about somatoform and dissociative disorders in some people. Chapter Objectives · Section 4 Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders Explain how schizophrenia involves confused and disordered thoughts, and mood disorders involve disturbances in the experience and expressions of depression. Chapter Objectives · Section 5 Personality Disorders and Drug Addiction Determine how personality disorders and drug addiction prohibit normal relationships and normal functioning. Main Idea Psychologists draw the line between normal and abnormal behavior in practice by looking at various attempts to define abnormal behavior, adjustments, and psychological health. Vocabulary • DSM-IV Objectives • Define psychological disorder. • Distinguish between the concepts of normality and abnormality. Do you think nose piercing is normal or abnormal? A. Normal B. Abnormal C. Not sure 0% A A. A B. B C.0%C B 0% C Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders • Considerations: – Some people only appear normal. – The cultural context of behavior must be taken into consideration. Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders (cont.) • Deviation definitions: – Normal—whatever most people do. – Abnormal—any deviation from the average or from the majority. Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders (cont.) • Adjustment definitions: – Normal—people who are able to get along in the world—physically, emotionally, and socially. – Abnormal—people who fail to adjust. Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders (cont.) • Psychological health definitions: – Normal—people who function ideally or who are at least striving toward ideal functioning (also called self actualization). – Abnormal—people who are mentally ill. Defining and Identifying Psychological Disorders (cont.) • Since definitions of abnormality are somewhat arbitrary, some theorists have concluded that labeling a person as mentally ill simply because his or her behavior is odd is a mistake as well as cruel and irresponsible. Which area does a person have to “adjust” to be considered normal? A. Physical B. Emotional C. Social D. All of the above 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D The Problem of Classification • In 1952 the American Psychiatric Association agreed upon a system for classifying abnormal symptoms, which it published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM. – It has been revised five times. Abraham Maslow The Problem of Classification (cont.) • Within each diagnostic category of the DSM-IV, the following descriptions are included: – Essential features—characteristics that define disorder. – Associated features—additional features that are usually present. – Information on differential diagnosis—how to distinguish one disorder from another disorders. – Diagnostic criteria—a list of symptoms that must be present for the patient to be given a particular diagnosis. The Problem of Classification (cont.) • Five axes are used to describe a person’s mental functioning: – Axis I—used to classify current symptoms into explicitly defined categories. – Axis II—used to describe developmental disorders and long-standing personality disorders or maladaptive traits. DSM-IV—Major Psychological Disorders of Axis I The Problem of Classification (cont.) – Axis III—used to describe physical disorders or general medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or caring for the person. – Axis IV—used to measure the current stress level at which the person is functioning. – Axis V—used to describe the highest level of adaptive functioning present within the past year. The Problem of Classification (cont.) • Three major areas of adaptive functioning: – Social relations – Occupational functioning – Use of leisure time Which disorder is associated with anorexia and bulimia? A. Eating disorder B. Sleep disorder C. Anxiety disorder D. Mood disorder 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Main Idea Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive fear, caution, and attempts to avoid anxiety. Vocabulary • anxiety • phobia • panic disorder • post-traumatic stress disorder Objectives • Identify the behavioral pattern that psychologists label as anxiety disorders. • Explain what causes anxiety disorders. Do you get anxious before taking a test or speaking in a crowd? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Generalized Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorders are the most common type of illness in the United States. • Some people experience a continuous, generalized anxiety, causing emotional and physical symptoms. What are some physical symptoms of anxiety? A. Muscular tension B. Furrowed brow C. Strained face D. All of the above 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Phobic Disorder • Phobia • A specific phobia can focus on almost anything. • A social phobia involves fear of public embarrassment. Phobias Phobic Disorder (cont.) • Phobias range from mild to severe. • Most people avoid the situation that they fear. What is the fear of water called? A. Acrophobia B. Agoraphobia C. Felinophobia D. Hydrophobia 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Panic Disorder • Panic disorder • Panic is a feeling of sudden, helpless terror. When do people usually suffer from a panic attack? A. After a stressful event B. Before a stressful event C. When sleeping D. When they first wake up 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsession—an uncontrollable pattern of thought. • Compulsion—repeatedly performed coping behaviors. • Some people experience both of these together, a condition called obsessivecompulsive disorder. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (cont.) • Possible causes: – These obsessions may serve as diversions from a person’s real fears and their origins and thus may reduce anxiety. – Compulsions provide a disturbed person with the evidence that he is at least doing something well. What is a possible cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder? A. It’s a diversion from person’s real fear B. Gives a person a sense they are at least doing something well C. All of the above 0% A A. A B. B C.0%C B 0% C Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder • Post-traumatic stress disorder— disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks. What can cause a person to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Surviving military combat B. Being assaulted C. Surviving a natural disaster D. All of the above 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Main Idea The inability to deal with anxiety and stress can lead to somatoform and dissociative disorders. Vocabulary • somatoform disorder • conversion disorder • dissociative disorder • dissociative amnesia • dissociative fugue • dissociative identity disorder Objectives • Identify the behavioral patterns that psychologists label as somatoform disorders. • Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders. Do you believe that people can imagine symptoms that do not exist? A. Yes B. No C. Not sure 0% A A. A B. B C.0%C B 0% C Somatoform Disorders • Somatoform disorders, or hysteria—a condition in which there are physical symptoms with no apparent physical causes. Somatoform Disorders (cont.) • Two common somatoform disorders: – Conversion disorder – Hypochondriasis Which is a type of somatoform? A. Hypochondriasis B. Insomnia C. Anorexia D. Alzheimer’s 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Dissociative Disorders • Dissociate disorder • Dissociative amnesia • Dissociate fugue • Dissociate identity disorder What is the inability to recall important personal events or information? A. Dissociative amnesia B. Dissociative fugue C. Dissociative identity disorder D. None of the above 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Main Idea Schizophrenia involves disordered thoughts. Mood disorders involve disturbances in the experience and expressions of depression. Vocabulary • schizophrenia • delusions • hallucinations • major depressive disorder • bipolar disorder Objectives • Describe the disorder of schizophrenia. • Describe several theories that try to explain mood disorders. Do you ever have a hard time organizing your thoughts? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes 0% A A. A B. B 0% C. C B 0% C What Is Schizophrenia? • Schizophrenia • This problem is one of cognition, emotion, perception, and motor functions. What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.) • Many people with schizophrenia also experience: – Delusions – Hallucinations – Incoherence What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.) – Disturbances of affect – Deterioration in normal movement – Marked decline in previous levels of functioning – Diverted attention Which of the following describes emotions that are inappropriate for the circumstances? A. Diverted attention B. Delusions C. Hallucinations D. Disturbances of affect 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D Types of Schizophrenia • Subtypes of schizophrenia: – Paranoid—they experience delusions of grandeur or persecution. – Catatonic—they may remain motionless for long periods. – Disorganized—symptoms such as incoherent language, inappropriate emotions, and disorganized motor behavior. Types of Schizophrenia (cont.) – Remission—this is applied to anyone whose symptoms are completely gone. – Undifferentiated—the basic symptoms. • Recovery from schizophrenia is possible, but no real cure exists. Which type of schizophrenia experience delusions of grandeur or persecution? A. Paranoid B. Catatonic C. Remission D. Disorganized 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D Causes of Schizophrenia • Biological influences—this disorder is likely caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.) • Biochemistry and physiology theories: – Dopamine hypothesis—an excess of dopamine at selected synapses is related to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. – People with schizophrenia usually show signs of deteriorated brain tissue. Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.) • Bad experiences during childhood are not enough to lead to this disorder, but being part of a pathogenic, or unhealthful, family may contribute to problems in adult years. • The diathesis-stress hypothesis—an individual may have inherited a predisposition toward schizophrenia. Which influence do you think is more likely to cause schizophrenia? A. Genetics B. Environment C. Biochemical D. None of the above 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • This disorder is marked by at least four of the following symptoms: – Problems with eating, sleeping, thinking, concentrating, or decision-making. – Lacking energy. – Thinking about suicide. – Feeling worthless or guilty. Mood Disorders (cont.) • Bipolar disorder – Manic phase—the person has experiences such as elation, extreme confusion, distractibility, and racing thoughts. – Depressive phase—the person experiences feelings such as failure, sinfulness, worthlessness, and despair. – They may also have intervals of normal behavior. Mood Disorders (cont.) • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)—deep depression in the midst of winter. – An increase in the hormone melatonin may play a role. Mood Disorders (cont.) • Psychological factors underlying mood disorders: – Certain personality traits. – Amount of social support. – Ability to deal with stressful situations. Mood Disorders (cont.) • Biological factors also play a role in mood disorders. • Genetic factors and faulty brain structure and function are possible causes too. Suicide Rates Mood Disorders (cont.) • People with mood disorders may commit suicide for a number of reasons: – To escape from physical or emotional pain. – An effort to end the torment of unacceptable feelings. – To punish themselves for wrongs they think they think they have committed. – To punish others who have not perceived their needs. Which is a deep depression in the midst of winter? A. Bipolar disorder B. Seasonal Affective Disorder A B C D 0% 0% D 0% B 0% A D. None of the above A. B. C. D. C C. Major depressive disorder Main Idea Personality disorders and drug addiction prohibit normal relationships and normal functioning. Vocabulary • personality disorders • antisocial personality • psychological dependence • addiction • tolerance • withdrawal Objectives • Describe how personality disorders differ from other psychological disorders. • Explain how drug abuse is a psychological problem. Do you think alcohol changes someone’s personality? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. Not sure 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D Personality Disorders • Personality disorders • Antisocial personalities – Seeking thrills is their major occupation. – They are not phased by punishment. – Most of these people are conniving. Types of Personality Disorders Personality Disorders (cont.) • Possible reasons for this disorder: – Antisocial parents – Lack of discipline as a child – Dysfunctional nervous system – Genetics Which personality disorder displays pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others without feeling remorse? A. Antisocial B. Dependent C. Histronic D. Paranoid 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D Drug Addiction • Abuse of drugs involves psychological dependence—use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it. • Drugs can also lead to physiological addiction—a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug. Drug Addiction (cont.) • Addiction causes a physical need, and the person may develop a tolerance and can lead to withdrawal when use is stopped. Drug Addiction (cont.) • The country’s most serious drug problem is alcoholism. – Alcohol can produce psychological dependence, tolerance, and physiological dependence. – Alcoholism may develop from both environmental and genetic factors Drug Addiction (cont.) • The four stages of a Disease Model of Alcoholism: – Stage I—the individual drinks and relaxation encourages more drinking. – Stage II—secret drinking occurs, with blackouts and no memory of drinking. – Stage III—rationalization to justify the drinking. – Stage IV—impaired thinking and compulsive drinking. Drug Addiction (cont.) • This model is no longer favored, however. • Those supporting the Adaptive Model suggest that choosing to drink is a voluntary process influenced by alcoholism as a response to individual psychological and environmental factors. Drug Addiction (cont.) • The first step in treating an alcoholic is to help her through the violent withdrawal, called delirium tremens, and then to try to make her healthier. • Treatments may range from drugs, such as Antabuse, to psychotherapy. Effects of Alcohol Use How many deaths in America every year can be blamed on alcohol abuse? A. 30,000 B. 50,000 C. 65,000 D. 75,000 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D DSM-IV—Major Psychological Disorders of Axis I Individual cases of psychological disorders are diagnosed on the five axes of the DSM-IV. Axis I classifies symptoms into categories. Phobias Some people’s lives are consumed by inappropriate fears. These fears interfere with normal, everyday life. These people are suffering from a phobia. Suicide Rates Suicide rates vary according to age and gender. Types of Personality Disorders An individual with a personality disorder displays an inflexible, longstanding, and maladaptive way of dealing with the environment and other people. Effects of Alcohol Use As a person consumes more and more alcohol, psychological and physiological functions begin to shut down, as shown in these handwriting samples. Abraham Maslow 1908–1970 “Human life will never be understood unless its highest aspirations are taken into account.” Chapter Concepts Transparencies Generalized Anxiety Disorder Normal Behavior or Not? Select a transparency to view. DSM-IV: the fifth version of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders anxiety: a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger phobia: an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation panic disorder: an extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks post-traumatic stress disorder: disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks somatoform disorder: a condition in which there is no apparent physical cause conversion disorder: changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function dissociative disorder: a disorder in which a person experiences alterations in memory, identity, or consciousness dissociative amnesia: the inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events dissociative fugue: a dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past dissociative identity disorder: a person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving schizophrenia: a group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions delusions: false beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence hallucinations: perceptions that have no direct external cause major depressive disorder: severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities bipolar disorder: disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression personality disorders: maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one’s environment antisocial personality: a personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of conscience psychological dependence: use of a drug to such an extent that a person feels nervous and anxious without it addiction: a pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug tolerance: physical adaptation to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect withdrawal: the symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted To use this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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