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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: What are Psychological
Disorders?
Section 2: Anxiety Disorders
Section 3: Somatoform and
Dissociative Disorders
Section 4: Schizophrenia and
Mood Disorders
Section 5: Personality Disorders
and Drug Addiction
Chapter Objectives · Section 1
What are Psychological
Disorders?
Explore how psychologists draw the
line between normal and abnormal
behavior by looking at deviance,
adjustment, and psychological
health.
Chapter Objectives · Section 2
Anxiety Disorders
Describe how anxiety disorders
are marked by excessive fear,
caution, and attempts to avoid
anxiety.
Chapter Objectives · Section 3
Somatoform and
Dissociative Disorders
Explain how dealing with anxiety
and stress can bring about
somatoform and dissociative
disorders in some people.
Chapter Objectives · Section 4
Schizophrenia and
Mood Disorders
Explain how schizophrenia involves
confused and disordered thoughts,
and mood disorders involve
disturbances in the experience and
expressions of depression.
Chapter Objectives · Section 5
Personality Disorders and
Drug Addiction
Determine how personality
disorders and drug addiction
prohibit normal relationships and
normal functioning.
Main Idea
Psychologists draw the line between normal
and abnormal behavior in practice by looking
at various attempts to define abnormal
behavior, adjustments, and psychological
health.
Vocabulary
• DSM-IV
Objectives
• Define psychological disorder.
• Distinguish between the concepts of
normality and abnormality.
Do you think nose piercing is normal
or abnormal?
A. Normal
B. Abnormal
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Defining and Identifying Psychological
Disorders
• Considerations:
– Some people only appear normal.
– The cultural context of behavior must be
taken into consideration.
Defining and Identifying Psychological
Disorders (cont.)
• Deviation definitions:
– Normal—whatever most people do.
– Abnormal—any deviation from the
average or from the majority.
Defining and Identifying Psychological
Disorders (cont.)
• Adjustment definitions:
– Normal—people who are able to get
along in the world—physically,
emotionally, and socially.
– Abnormal—people who fail to adjust.
Defining and Identifying Psychological
Disorders (cont.)
• Psychological health definitions:
– Normal—people who function ideally or
who are at least striving toward ideal
functioning (also called self actualization).
– Abnormal—people who are mentally ill.
Defining and Identifying Psychological
Disorders (cont.)
• Since definitions of abnormality are
somewhat arbitrary, some theorists have
concluded that labeling a person as
mentally ill simply because his or her
behavior is odd is a mistake as well as
cruel and irresponsible.
Which area does a person have to
“adjust” to be considered normal?
A. Physical
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Problem of Classification
• In 1952 the American Psychiatric
Association agreed upon a system for
classifying abnormal symptoms, which it
published in the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM.
– It has been revised five times.
Abraham Maslow
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
• Within each diagnostic category of the
DSM-IV, the following descriptions are
included:
– Essential features—characteristics that define
disorder.
– Associated features—additional features that are
usually present.
– Information on differential diagnosis—how to
distinguish one disorder from another disorders.
– Diagnostic criteria—a list of symptoms that must be
present for the patient to be given a particular
diagnosis.
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
• Five axes are used to describe a person’s
mental functioning:
– Axis I—used to classify current symptoms
into explicitly defined categories.
– Axis II—used to describe developmental
disorders and long-standing personality
disorders or maladaptive traits.
DSM-IV—Major
Psychological Disorders
of Axis I
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
– Axis III—used to describe physical
disorders or general medical conditions
that are potentially relevant to
understanding or caring for the person.
– Axis IV—used to measure the current
stress level at which the person is
functioning.
– Axis V—used to describe the highest
level of adaptive functioning present
within the past year.
The Problem of Classification (cont.)
• Three major areas of adaptive functioning:
– Social relations
– Occupational functioning
– Use of leisure time
Which disorder is associated with
anorexia and bulimia?
A. Eating disorder
B. Sleep disorder
C. Anxiety disorder
D. Mood disorder
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Anxiety disorders are marked by excessive
fear, caution, and attempts to avoid anxiety.
Vocabulary
• anxiety
• phobia
• panic disorder
• post-traumatic stress disorder
Objectives
• Identify the behavioral pattern that
psychologists label as anxiety disorders.
• Explain what causes anxiety disorders.
Do you get anxious before taking a
test or speaking in a crowd?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders are the most common
type of illness in the United States.
• Some people experience a continuous,
generalized anxiety, causing emotional
and physical symptoms.
What are some physical symptoms of
anxiety?
A. Muscular tension
B. Furrowed brow
C. Strained face
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Phobic Disorder
• Phobia
• A specific phobia can focus on almost
anything.
• A social phobia involves fear of public
embarrassment.
Phobias
Phobic Disorder (cont.)
• Phobias range from mild to severe.
• Most people avoid the situation that they
fear.
What is the fear of water called?
A. Acrophobia
B. Agoraphobia
C. Felinophobia
D. Hydrophobia
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Panic Disorder
• Panic disorder
• Panic is a feeling of sudden, helpless terror.
When do people usually suffer from a
panic attack?
A. After a stressful event
B. Before a stressful
event
C. When sleeping
D. When they first
wake up
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsession—an uncontrollable pattern of
thought.
• Compulsion—repeatedly performed coping
behaviors.
• Some people experience both of these
together, a condition called obsessivecompulsive disorder.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (cont.)
• Possible causes:
– These obsessions may serve as
diversions from a person’s real fears and
their origins and thus may reduce anxiety.
– Compulsions provide a disturbed person
with the evidence that he is at least doing
something well.
What is a possible cause of
obsessive-compulsive disorder?
A. It’s a diversion from
person’s real fear
B. Gives a person a
sense they are at
least doing something well
C. All of the above
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder—
disorder in which victims of traumatic
events experience the original event in the
form of dreams or flashbacks.
What can cause a person to suffer
from post-traumatic stress disorder?
A. Surviving military
combat
B. Being assaulted
C. Surviving a natural
disaster
D. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
The inability to deal with anxiety and stress
can lead to somatoform and dissociative
disorders.
Vocabulary
• somatoform disorder
• conversion disorder
• dissociative disorder
• dissociative amnesia
• dissociative fugue
• dissociative identity disorder
Objectives
• Identify the behavioral patterns that
psychologists label as somatoform
disorders.
• Describe the symptoms of dissociative
disorders.
Do you believe that people can
imagine symptoms that do not exist?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Somatoform Disorders
• Somatoform disorders, or hysteria—a
condition in which there are physical
symptoms with no apparent physical
causes.
Somatoform Disorders (cont.)
• Two common somatoform disorders:
– Conversion disorder
– Hypochondriasis
Which is a type of somatoform?
A. Hypochondriasis
B. Insomnia
C. Anorexia
D. Alzheimer’s
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociate disorder
• Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociate fugue
• Dissociate identity disorder
What is the inability to recall
important personal events or
information?
A. Dissociative amnesia
B. Dissociative fugue
C. Dissociative identity
disorder
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Main Idea
Schizophrenia involves disordered thoughts.
Mood disorders involve disturbances in the
experience and expressions of depression.
Vocabulary
• schizophrenia
• delusions
• hallucinations
• major depressive disorder
• bipolar disorder
Objectives
• Describe the disorder of schizophrenia.
• Describe several theories that try to
explain mood disorders.
Do you ever have a hard time
organizing your thoughts?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
0%
A
A. A
B. B
0%
C. C
B
0%
C
What Is Schizophrenia?
• Schizophrenia
• This problem is one of cognition, emotion,
perception, and motor functions.
What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.)
• Many people with schizophrenia also
experience:
– Delusions
– Hallucinations
– Incoherence
What Is Schizophrenia? (cont.)
– Disturbances of affect
– Deterioration in normal movement
– Marked decline in previous levels of
functioning
– Diverted attention
Which of the following describes
emotions that are inappropriate for the
circumstances?
A. Diverted attention
B. Delusions
C. Hallucinations
D. Disturbances of affect
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Types of Schizophrenia
• Subtypes of schizophrenia:
– Paranoid—they experience delusions of
grandeur or persecution.
– Catatonic—they may remain motionless
for long periods.
– Disorganized—symptoms such as
incoherent language, inappropriate
emotions, and disorganized motor
behavior.
Types of Schizophrenia (cont.)
– Remission—this is applied to anyone
whose symptoms are completely gone.
– Undifferentiated—the basic symptoms.
• Recovery from schizophrenia is possible,
but no real cure exists.
Which type of schizophrenia experience
delusions of grandeur or persecution?
A. Paranoid
B. Catatonic
C. Remission
D. Disorganized
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Causes of Schizophrenia
• Biological influences—this disorder is likely
caused by a combination of genetic,
epigenetic, and environmental factors.
Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.)
• Biochemistry and physiology theories:
– Dopamine hypothesis—an excess of
dopamine at selected synapses is
related to a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
– People with schizophrenia usually show
signs of deteriorated brain tissue.
Causes of Schizophrenia (cont.)
• Bad experiences during childhood are not
enough to lead to this disorder, but being
part of a pathogenic, or unhealthful, family
may contribute to problems in adult years.
• The diathesis-stress hypothesis—an
individual may have inherited a
predisposition toward schizophrenia.
Which influence do you think is more
likely to cause schizophrenia?
A. Genetics
B. Environment
C. Biochemical
D. None of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• This disorder is marked by at least four of
the following symptoms:
– Problems with eating, sleeping, thinking,
concentrating, or decision-making.
– Lacking energy.
– Thinking about suicide.
– Feeling worthless or guilty.
Mood Disorders (cont.)
• Bipolar disorder
– Manic phase—the person has experiences
such as elation, extreme confusion,
distractibility, and racing thoughts.
– Depressive phase—the person
experiences feelings such as failure,
sinfulness, worthlessness, and despair.
– They may also have intervals of normal
behavior.
Mood Disorders (cont.)
• Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)—deep
depression in the midst of winter.
– An increase in the hormone melatonin
may play a role.
Mood Disorders (cont.)
• Psychological factors underlying mood
disorders:
– Certain personality traits.
– Amount of social support.
– Ability to deal with stressful situations.
Mood Disorders (cont.)
• Biological factors also play a role in mood
disorders.
• Genetic factors and faulty brain structure
and function are possible causes too.
Suicide Rates
Mood Disorders (cont.)
• People with mood disorders may commit
suicide for a number of reasons:
– To escape from physical or emotional pain.
– An effort to end the torment of
unacceptable feelings.
– To punish themselves for wrongs they think
they think they have committed.
– To punish others who have not perceived
their needs.
Which is a deep depression in the
midst of winter?
A. Bipolar disorder
B. Seasonal Affective
Disorder
A
B
C
D
0%
0%
D
0%
B
0%
A
D. None of the above
A.
B.
C.
D.
C
C. Major depressive
disorder
Main Idea
Personality disorders and drug addiction
prohibit normal relationships and normal
functioning.
Vocabulary
• personality disorders
• antisocial personality
• psychological dependence
• addiction
• tolerance
• withdrawal
Objectives
• Describe how personality disorders differ
from other psychological disorders.
• Explain how drug abuse is a psychological
problem.
Do you think alcohol changes
someone’s personality?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Not sure
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders
• Antisocial personalities
– Seeking thrills is their major occupation.
– They are not phased by punishment.
– Most of these people are conniving.
Types of Personality
Disorders
Personality Disorders (cont.)
• Possible reasons for this disorder:
– Antisocial parents
– Lack of discipline as a child
– Dysfunctional nervous system
– Genetics
Which personality disorder displays
pattern of disregarding and violating
the rights of others without feeling
remorse?
A. Antisocial
B. Dependent
C. Histronic
D. Paranoid
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
Drug Addiction
• Abuse of drugs involves psychological
dependence—use of a drug to such an
extent that a person feels nervous and
anxious without it.
• Drugs can also lead to physiological
addiction—a pattern of drug abuse
characterized by an overwhelming and
compulsive desire to obtain and use the
drug.
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• Addiction causes a physical need, and the
person may develop a tolerance and can
lead to withdrawal when use is stopped.
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• The country’s most serious drug problem
is alcoholism.
– Alcohol can produce psychological
dependence, tolerance, and
physiological dependence.
– Alcoholism may develop from both
environmental and genetic factors
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• The four stages of a Disease Model of
Alcoholism:
– Stage I—the individual drinks and relaxation
encourages more drinking.
– Stage II—secret drinking occurs, with
blackouts and no memory of drinking.
– Stage III—rationalization to justify the
drinking.
– Stage IV—impaired thinking and compulsive
drinking.
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• This model is no longer favored, however.
• Those supporting the Adaptive Model
suggest that choosing to drink is a
voluntary process influenced by alcoholism
as a response to individual psychological
and environmental factors.
Drug Addiction (cont.)
• The first step in treating an alcoholic is to
help her through the violent withdrawal,
called delirium tremens, and then to try to
make her healthier.
• Treatments may range from drugs, such
as Antabuse, to psychotherapy.
Effects of Alcohol Use
How many deaths in America every year
can be blamed on alcohol abuse?
A. 30,000
B. 50,000
C. 65,000
D. 75,000
0%
A
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
B
A
B
0%
C
D
C
0%
D
DSM-IV—Major Psychological Disorders of Axis I
Individual cases of psychological disorders are diagnosed on the five axes of the
DSM-IV. Axis I classifies symptoms into categories.
Phobias
Some people’s lives are consumed by inappropriate fears. These fears interfere with
normal, everyday life. These people are suffering from a phobia.
Suicide Rates
Suicide rates vary according to age and gender.
Types of Personality Disorders
An individual with a personality disorder displays an inflexible, longstanding, and
maladaptive way of dealing with the environment and other people.
Effects of Alcohol Use
As a person consumes more and
more alcohol, psychological and
physiological functions begin to
shut down, as shown in these
handwriting samples.
Abraham Maslow
1908–1970
“Human life will never
be understood unless
its highest aspirations
are taken into
account.”
Chapter Concepts
Transparencies
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Normal Behavior or Not?
Select a transparency to view.
DSM-IV: the fifth version of the American
Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
anxiety: a vague, generalized
apprehension or feeling that one is in
danger
phobia: an intense and irrational fear of
a particular object or situation
panic disorder: an extreme anxiety that
manifests itself in the form of panic
attacks
post-traumatic stress disorder:
disorder in which victims of traumatic
events experience the original event in
the form of dreams or flashbacks
somatoform disorder: a condition in
which there is no apparent physical
cause
conversion disorder: changing
emotional difficulties into a loss of a
specific voluntary body function
dissociative disorder: a disorder in
which a person experiences alterations
in memory, identity, or consciousness
dissociative amnesia: the inability to
recall important personal events or
information; is usually associated with
stressful events
dissociative fugue: a dissociative
disorder in which a person suddenly and
unexpectedly travels away from home or
work and is unable to recall the past
dissociative identity disorder: a person
exhibits two or more personality states,
each with its own patterns of thinking and
behaving
schizophrenia: a group of disorders
characterized by confused and
disconnected thoughts, emotions, and
perceptions
delusions: false beliefs that a person
maintains in the face of contrary
evidence
hallucinations: perceptions that have no
direct external cause
major depressive disorder: severe
form of lowered mood in which a person
experiences feelings of worthlessness
and diminished pleasure or interest in
many activities
bipolar disorder: disorder in which an
individual alternates between feelings of
mania (euphoria) and depression
personality disorders: maladaptive or
inflexible ways of dealing with others and
one’s environment
antisocial personality: a personality
disorder characterized by irresponsibility,
shallow emotions, and lack of conscience
psychological dependence: use of a
drug to such an extent that a person
feels nervous and anxious without it
addiction: a pattern of drug abuse
characterized by an overwhelming and
compulsive desire to obtain and use the
drug
tolerance: physical adaptation to a drug
so that a person needs an increased
amount in order to produce the original
effect
withdrawal: the symptoms that occur
after a person discontinues the use of a
drug to which he or she has become
addicted
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