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Chapter 2: The Biology Underlying Behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Neuron Nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neuron: Basic Structure Dendrites – receive messages from other neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neuron: Structure Axon – Carries messages destined for other cells Myelin Sheath – wrap themselves around the axon providing a protective coating Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. All-or-none law – Neurons are either on or off Resting State – Negative electric charge within the neuron Action Potential – An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neurotransmitters – Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron Synapse – A chemical connection that bridges the gap between two neurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Excitatory messages – A chemical secretion that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon. Inhibitory Messages – A chemical secretion that prevents a receiving neuron from firing Reuptake – The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, especially some organs of the parasympathetic nervous system Effect – Excitatory in brain and autonomic nervous system; inhibitory elsewhere Acetylcholine (ACh) Function – Muscle movement; cognitive functioning Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain, spinal cord Effect – Excitatory Function – Memory Glutamate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain, spinal cord Effect – Main inhibitory neurotransmitter Function – Eating, aggression, sleeping Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABBA) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain Effect – Inhibitory or excitatory Function – Muscle disorders, mental disorders, Parkinson’s disease Dopamine Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain, spinal cord Effect – Inhibitory Function – Sleeping, eating, mood, pain, depression Serotonin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Location – Brain, spinal cord Effect – Primarily inhibitory, except in hippocampus Function – Pain suppression, pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos Endorphins Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central Nervous System (CNS) Spinal Cord Reflexes Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Motor (Efferent) Neurons Interneurons Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Nervous System Evolutionary psychology – the branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors Behavioral genetics – the study of the effects of heredity on behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spying on the Brain Research Methods Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Case Studies Neurological Surgical Procedures Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central Core – controls such basic functions as eating and sleeping Medulla Pons Reticular Formation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cerebellum – controls bodily balance Thalamus – relay station for information concerning senses Hypothalamus – maintains homeostasis and produces vital basic behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Limbic System Controls eating, aggression, and reproduction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cerebral Cortex – responsible for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain Association Areas – Apraxia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Motor Area – responsible for voluntary movements of particular parts of the body Speech areas – Broca’s area – Wernicke’s area Sensory Area – somatosensory area – auditory area – visual area Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Specialization of the Hemispheres Hemispheres – two symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location Lateralization – the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Split Brain Right and left hemispheres Surgically cutting the corpus callosum Split Brain Patients – a person who suffers from independent functioning of the two halves of the brain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The Endocrine System Endocrine system – sends messages throughout the nervous system Hormones – affect the functioning or growth of other parts of the body Pituitary gland – the “master gland” Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.