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How Bodies Matter to Minds
Michael L. Anderson
University of Maryland
[email protected]
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~anderson
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Principles of Cognitivism
Cognitivism and GOFAI
Criticisms of Cognitivism
Principles of Embodied AI
The Meaning of Embodiment
Embodiment and Cognition
Broader Implications
I. Principles of Cognitivism
• There is a clear distinction between
perceptual systems, motor systems, and
cognitive systems.
• Perception is the passive reception of
abstract qualities from the environment,
which are recovered by internal
representation.
I. Principles of Cognitivism (2)
• Cognition is the manipulation of internal
representations (symbols) after the fashion
of digital computers. Cognition is
centralized and general-purpose.
• Actions are under the control of the central
cognitive systems.
II.Cognitivism and GOFAI
• Operate in specially engineered, simplified
environments.
• Sense this micro-world and try to build two
or three dimensional models of it.
• Ignore the actual world, and operate on the
model to produce a plan of action.
• Sense-Model-Plan-Act cycle
II.Cognitivism and GOFAI (2)
• CYC: an example of GOFAI
• Knowledge as structured representation
ist ((xsprtd ( x)  falls ( x)), NTP)
III. Criticisms of Cognitivism
• Representation and performance
• Context and relevance
• Symbol grounding
IV. Principles of Embodied AI
• The organism is an agent.
• Perception is active and selective.
• No clear distinction between perceptual,
motor and cognitive systems.
• Cognition is characterized by specific, not
general solutions.
IV. Principles of Embodied AI (2)
• Intelligence is a property of whole
organisms in environments.
• The organism is evolved.
• Cognition is therefore decentralized—the
mind is modular—and interactive.
Dorsal and Ventral Streams
Tichener Circles Illusion
V. The Meaning of Embodiment
Agents are:
• Physically realized
• Environmentally situated
• Active
• Evolved
VI. Embodiment and Cognition
• Color vision
• Epistemic actions
• Representation and activity
VII. Broader Implications
• For perception and representation
• For planning
• For mind
VII. Implications for perception and
representation
• Perception is selective and intertwined with
action.
• Internal representation will be local and
action-oriented, rather than objective and
action-independent.
VII. Implications for planning
• Shorter plans, more frequent attention to the
environment, and selective representation.
• Interaction as important as symbolic
manipulation.
• Planning  situated goal orientation/
coping.
VII. Implications for reason
• Reason and metaphor
• Conceptual blending
Further Reading
Anderson (2003) Embodied Cognition: A Field
Guide. Artificial Intelligence.
Chrisley & Ziemke (2003) Embodiment.
Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science.
Ziemke (1999) Rethinking Grounding.
Representation in the Cognitive Sciences.
How Bodies Matter to Minds
Michael L. Anderson
University of Maryland
[email protected]
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~anderson