Download During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles Darwin made many

During his voyage on the Beagle, Charles
Darwin made many observations
1. in England.
2. in North America.
3. on the Galápagos
Islands.
4. in Asia.
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On the Galápagos Islands,
Charles Darwin observed
1.
completely unrelated species on each of
the islands.
species exactly like those found in
South America.
somewhat similar species, with traits
that suited their particular environments.
species completely unrelated to those
found in South America.
2.
3.
4.
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The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on the
Galápagos Islands displayed different structural
adaptations. One of the adaptations that Darwin noted was
the
1. similarities of the
birds’ embryos.
2. birds’ differentshaped beaks.
3. length of the birds’
necks.
4. number of eggs in
each bird’s nest.
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Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin
observed in finches and tortoises in the
Galápagos, he wondered
1.
if species living on different islands
had once been members of the same
species.
if finches and tortoises had originated
from the same ancestral species.
if all birds on the different islands
were finches.
why all tortoises on the different
islands were identical.
2.
3.
4.
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Darwin began to formulate his concept
of evolution by natural selection after
1.
2.
experimentation with animals.
observations of many species and
their geographical location.
reading the writings of Wallace.
agreeing with Lamarck about the
driving force behind evolution.
3.
4.
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James Hutton’s and Charles
Lyell’s work suggests that
1.
Earth is many millions of
years old.
Earth is several
thousand years old.
all fossils were formed
in the last 1000 years.
all rocks on Earth
contain fossils.
2.
3.
4.
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In the 1800s, Charles Lyell
emphasized that
1.
the human population will outgrow the
available food supply.
all populations evolve through natural
selection.
Earth is a few thousand years old.
past geological events must be
explained in terms of processes
observable today.
2.
3.
4.
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One scientist who attempted to explain how
rock layers form and change over time was
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
Thomas Malthus.
James Hutton.
Charles Darwin.
Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck.
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James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work
was important to Darwin because these
scientists
1.
2.
3.
explained volcanoes and earthquakes.
explained all geologic events on Earth.
suggested that Earth was old enough for
evolution to have occurred.
refuted the work of Lamarck, which was
based on misunderstandings.
4.
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What did Charles Darwin learn from reading
the work of James Hutton and Charles
Lyell?
1.
2.
3.
Earth is relatively young.
Earth is very old.
All geological change is caused by
living organisms.
The processes that formed old rocks
on Earth do not operate today.
4.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
proposed that organisms
1.
have an innate tendency toward
complexity and perfection.
have an innate tendency to become
simpler as time passes.
inherit all of the adaptations they
display.
belong to species that never change.
2.
3.
4.
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Which is a major concept included
in Lamarck’s theory of evolution?
1.
Change is the result of survival of
the fittest.
Body structure can change
according to the actions of the
organism.
Population size decreases the rate
of evolution.
Artificial selection is the basis for
evolution.
2.
3.
4.
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Lamarck’s theory of evolution includes the
concept that new organs in a species
appear as a result of
1.
2.
continual increases in population size.
the actions of organisms as they use or
fail to use body structures.
an unchanging local environment.
the natural variations already present
within the population of organisms.
3.
4.
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In each generation, the wings of experimental fruit flies
were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first
generation emerged with normal-length wings. This
observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution
is based on
1. inheritance of
natural variations.
2. inheritance of
acquired
characteristics.
3. natural selection.
4. survival of the fittest.
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The economist Thomas Malthus
suggested that
1.
in the human population, people die
faster than babies are born.
there would soon be insufficient food
for the growing human population.
in the 1700s, England needed more
housing.
the majority of a species’ offspring
die.
2.
3.
4.
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The idea that only famine, disease, and war
could prevent the endless growth of human
populations was presented by
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1. Charles Darwin.
2. Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck.
3. Thomas Malthus.
4. Charles Lyell.
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Darwin realized that the economist
Malthus’s theory of population control
1.
2.
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applied only to humans.
could be generalized to any population
of organisms.
could be generalized only when
populations lived in crowded
conditions.
explained why the number of deaths
exceeded that of births.
3.
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In 1859, Charles Darwin published his
revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled
1.
2.
Principles of Geology.
Essay on the Principle
of Population.
Evolution in Malaysia.
On the Origin of
Species.
3.
4.
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Darwin was prompted to publish
his theory of evolution by
1.
an essay by Wallace on
evolution.
the publication of
Lamarck’s theory of
evolution.
the vice governor of the
Galápagos Islands.
the work of Hutton and
Lyell.
2.
3.
4.
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When Charles Darwin returned
from the voyage of the Beagle, he
1.
immediately published his ideas about
evolution.
realized his ideas about evolution were
wrong.
wrote about his ideas but waited many
years to publish them.
copied the evolutionary theory of
Wallace.
2.
3.
4.
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Why might Darwin have hesitated to publish
his concept of evolution by natural
selection?
1.
He realized it was not supported by his
data.
He felt it was too similar to Lamarck’s to
be considered original.
He was disturbed by his findings, which
challenged fundamental scientific
beliefs.
He realized that his idea was
contradicted by the work of Hutton and
Lyell.
2.
3.
4.
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Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different
species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar
physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these
finches25% 25% 25% 25%
1.
have the ability to
interbreed.
acquired traits through
use and disuse.
all eat the same type of
food.
descended from a
common ancestor.
2.
3.
4.
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According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection,
individuals who survive are the ones best adapted
for their environment. Their survival is due to the
1.
possession of adaptations developed
through use.
possession of inherited adaptations
that maximize fitness.
lack of competition within the species.
choices made by plant and animal
breeders.
2.
3.
4.
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When farmers select animals or plants
to use for breeding, they look for
1.
species that are perfect
and unchanging.
homologous structures.
traits that are produced
artificially.
natural variations that
are present in a
species.
2.
3.
4.
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When a farmer breeds only his or her
best livestock, the process involved is
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
natural selection.
artificial selection.
artificial variation.
survival of the
fittest.
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When lions prey on a herd of antelopes, some antelopes
are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s
concept of natural selection might be used to describe this
situation?
1. acquired
characteristics
2. reproductive
isolation
3. survival of the fittest
4. descent with
modification
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Which statement about the members of a
population that live long enough to reproduce is
consistent with the theory of natural selection?
1.
They transmit characteristics acquired
by use and disuse to their offspring.
They tend to produce fewer offspring
than others in the population.
They are the ones that are best adapted
to survive in their environment.
They will perpetuate unfavorable
changes in the species.
2.
3.
4.
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Charles Darwin called the ability of an
organism to survive and reproduce in its
specific environment
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1. diversity.
2. fitness.
3. adaptation.
4. evolution.
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According to Darwin’s theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive
are those that have
1.
characteristics their parents acquired by
use and disuse.
characteristics that plant and animal
breeders value.
the greatest number of offspring.
variations best suited to the environment.
2.
3.
4.
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Which of the following phrases best
describes the results of natural selection?
1.
the natural variation found in all
populations
unrelated but similar species living in
different locations
changes in the inherited
characteristics of a population
the struggle for existence undergone
by all living things
2.
3.
4.
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An adaptation is an inherited
characteristic that can be
1. physical or
behavioral.
2. physical or
geographical.
3. acquired during the
organism’s lifetime.
4. the result of artificial
selection.
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In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh
bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the
pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15–1 are
1.
2.
3.
4.
examples of fossils.
vestigial structures.
acquired traits.
examples of natural
variation.
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Modern sea star larvae resemble some
primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity
may suggest that primitive vertebrates
1.
share a common
ancestor with sea stars.
evolved from sea stars.
evolved before sea
stars.
belong to the same
species as sea stars.
2.
3.
4.
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Darwin’s concept of evolution
was NOT influenced by
1. the work of Charles
Lyell.
2. knowledge about the
structure of DNA.
3. his collection of
specimens.
4. his trip on the
H.M.S. Beagle.
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People of Charles Darwin’s time
understood that fossils
1.
were preserved remains
of ancient organisms.
were available for every
organism that ever
lived.
were unrelated to living
species.
were evidence for the
evolution of life on
Earth.
2.
3.
4.
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The number and location of bones of many fossil
vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates. Most
biologists would probably explain this fact on the basis of
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1. the needs of the
organisms.
2. a common ancestor.
3. the struggle for
existence.
4. the inheritance of
acquired traits.
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Charles Darwin viewed the
fossil record as
1.
evidence that Earth was thousands of
years old.
a detailed record of evolution.
interesting but unrelated to the evolution
of modern species.
evidence that traits are acquired
through use or disuse.
2.
3.
4.
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The hypothesis that species change over
time by natural selection was proposed by
1. James Hutton.
2. Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck.
3. Thomas Malthus.
4. Charles Darwin.
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Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution
explains all of the following EXCEPT
1.
2.
how species become extinct.
how inherited traits are
passed from parent to
offspring.
how species change over
time.
how evolution takes place in
the natural world.
3.
4.
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Darwin’s theory of evolution
suggests that
1.
species change over
time.
extinct species are not
related to living species.
different species can
interbreed.
animals that look alike
are the most closely
related.
2.
3.
4.
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Darwin’s theory of evolution is
based on the idea(s) of
1.
heritable variation and
natural selection.
use and disuse.
a tendency toward
perfect, unchanging
species.
the transmission of
acquired characteristics.
2.
3.
4.
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The same kinds of cells that grow in similar
patterns in different but related organisms
produce
1.
homologous structures
such as wings and
arms.
the same kind of
embryos.
natural variations in a
population.
descent with
modification.
2.
3.
4.
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Which statement is in agreement
with Darwin’s theory of evolution?
1.
More offspring are produced than can
possibly survive.
The organisms that are the fittest are
always largest and strongest.
The number of offspring is not related to
fitness.
Acquired characteristics that are
inherited are the cause of evolution.
2.
3.
4.
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Which concept is NOT included in
the modern theory of evolution?
1.
descent with
modification
natural selection
transmission of acquired
characteristics
competition among the
members of a
population
2.
3.
4.
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Which phrase best defines
evolution by natural selection?
1.
2.
an adaptation of a species to its environment
a sudden replacement of one population by
another
changes in a species as it becomes more
perfect
a process of change in species over time
3.
4.
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After his voyage on the Beagle,Charles Darwin wondered
whether similar species from the Galápagos Islands could
once have been members of the same species.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
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Charles Darwin came to realize that
organisms of the same species are identical.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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According to Lamarck, the sea floor can be
pushed up to form mountains by forces
within Earth. _________________________
1. True
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2. False
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In Charles Darwin’s time, many people thought that Earth
and its living things were formed about a few thousand
years ago. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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Evidence that the surface of a mountain was once under
the sea includes the presence of marine fossils on the
mountain. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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Lyell hypothesized that human populations
are kept in check by war, disease, and
famine. _________________________
1. True
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2. False
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In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace sent Charles Darwin an
essay proposing an explanation for evolution that was very
similar to Darwin’s. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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Artificial selection as practiced by farmers is
also called natural selection.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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In natural selection, human breeders, rather than the
environment, select the variations of traits to be passed to
offspring. ______________________________
1. True
2. False
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According to Darwin, the word selection would be applied
to organisms adapted to survive and reproduce in their
particular environments. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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The term fitness refers to an organism’s ability to
survive and reproduce in a specific environment.
_________________________
1. True
2. False
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The fact that species today look different from their
ancestors can be described as descent with
modification. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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According to the concept of natural variation, living
and extinct species evolved from the same
ancestors. ______________________________
1. True
2. False
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According to Charles Darwin, individuals best
suited to their environment survive and reproduce
most successfully. _________________________
1. True
2. False
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According to Charles Darwin, members of a
species must share limited resources.
_________________________
1. True
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2. False
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Participant Scores
0
0
Participant 1
Participant 2
0
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Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5
James Hutton thought that rocks from the
sea floor could be pushed up very high to
form ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
James Hutton and Charles Lyell held similar views
about Earth’s age. Both thought that Earth was
____________________ of years old.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
The geologist ____________________ proposed
that past changes in Earth must be explained in
terms of events and processes observable today.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
According to Lamarck, evolution resulted
from the inheritance of
____________________ traits.
1
2
3
4
5
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According to Lamarck’s theory of the inheritance of
_________________________, the long legs of certain
shore birds could be acquired by frequent wading in water
and then passed on to offspring.
1
2
3
4
5
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Although his idea was incorrect, Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck was one of the first people to propose a
scientific explanation for ____________________.
1
2
3
4
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When a population’s birthrate exceeds its
death rate, the size of the population
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Charles Darwin applied Thomas Malthus’s
thoughts about human population growth to
all ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Charles Darwin observed that instead of
being perfect and unchanging, individuals in
a species show ____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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Charles Darwin concluded that, in similar environments
around the world, ____________________ could produce
similar structures in unrelated species.
1
2
3
4
5
0 of 5
Certain animal structures that have different functions in
different species and develop from the same embryonic
tissues are called ____________________ structures.
1
2
3
4
5
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According to Darwin’s theory of evolution,
____________________ change over time.
1
2
3
4
5
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According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, all
species on Earth are united by
_________________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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Darwin proposed that natural selection took place as
individuals best suited to the ____________________
survived and reproduced.
1
2
3
4
5
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Charles Darwin realized that the measure of success for an
organism was not only a long period of survival but also
____________________.
1
2
3
4
5
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In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide
Charles Darwin with an ideal opportunity for
collecting and analyzing data?
1
2
3
4
5
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State a general observation that Charles
Darwin made about organisms and their
environments.
1
2
3
4
5
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What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in
addition to specimens of organisms alive
during his time?
1
2
3
4
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What was the scientific value of the
specimens that Charles Darwin brought
back to England?
1
2
3
4
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What did Charles Darwin learn about the
land tortoises of the various Galápagos
Islands?
1
2
3
4
5
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What did observations of the tortoises of the
Galápagos lead Charles Darwin to
hypothesize about these animals’ ancestry?
1
2
3
4
5
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What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s overall
belief about the way organisms changed
over time?
1
2
3
4
5
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What did Charles Darwin discover about the
Galápagos birds that he thought were different
kinds of wrens, warblers, and blackbirds?
1
2
3
4
5
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Were Darwin’s hypotheses about natural
selection and evolution similar to the ideas
of most other scientists of his time? Explain
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2
3
4
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How did the farmers observed by
Charles Darwin improve their livestock?
1
2
3
4
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In artificial selection, what factor substitutes
for naturally occurring selection pressures?
1
2
3
4
5
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Figure 15–1
According to Figure 15–1, modern whales have a vestigial
pelvis and femur. What does this evidence suggest about
ancestors of modern whales?
1
2
3
4
5
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How could vestigial structures like the whale
pelvis and femur shown in Figure 15–1
contribute to the theory of evolution?
1
2
3
4
5
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What did Charles Darwin conclude about the
existence of a common ancestor for all life?
1
2
3
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Summarize Charles Darwin’s
contribution to science.
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Explain how the finches and tortoises that
Charles Darwin observed on the Galápagos
Islands influenced his thinking.
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What was Charles Darwin’s greatest
contribution to science, and how did he
develop it?
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Discuss Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s
contribution to the overall theory of
evolution.
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How did Thomas Malthus’s ideas about
human population growth inspire Darwin’s
thinking about evolution?
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Why is it possible that Alfred Wallace
independently developed the same ideas
about evolution that Darwin did?
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5
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How did the practices of English farmers
influence Darwin’s concept of natural
selection?
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4
5
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Suppose selective breeding has produced a population of
very similar chickens. Would that population survive if it
were released into the wild? Explain
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What might happen if a well-adapted
population experienced sudden major
changes in its environment?
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How is the idea of common descent
supported by examples of homologous
structures?
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What sources of evidence did Charles
Darwin consider when he presented his
concept of evolution by natural selection?
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