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Mitglied der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft International cooperation in the field of CCS - Approaches and implementation December 8, 2015 - Perth | Jürgen-Friedrich Hake – Wolfgang Fischer Assesment of Energy Technologies and Energy Systems 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation Folie 2 Exploring the idea of CCS Cesare Marchetti publishes „On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem“ (1976) “This is not the place to think of each consumer filling his own little balloons with CO2 to be processed by his municipality. The problem has to be tackled upstream.” “[…] one of the numerous (a dozen) processes of stripping CO2 from other gases […] which are currently used in industry could be employed.” “CO2 can be easily compressed […]. It can be transported in pipelines that are essentially the same as those for methane.” “[CO2 disposal] could be done in the form of a permanent underground storage, e.g. by using exhausted gas fields.” Source: Marchetti, C. (1976): On Geoengineering and the CO2 Problem 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation Folie 3 IPCC - Recognition of CCS as a climate change mitigation option IPCC - Special Report on CCS (2005) Technical findings: For geological storage, 99% of the CO2 is very likely to be retained over 100 years, and 99% of the CO2 is likely to be retained over 1,000 years. Policy findings: CCS is an important option available to reduce the impacts of climate change. There is a need to increase public awareness of CCS. There is a need for the development of suitable regulatory frameworks. CCS as a climate change mitigation option was recognised on many occasions by scientific & political organizations at national & international level in in subsequent years. E. g. IPCC mitigation report (2014): particular relevance for CCS. 7. Januar 2016 Source: IPCC SR on CCS Folie 4 Deployment of CCS – Why is there a need for policy and regulation? Carbon Capture and Storage fulfills: primarily climate policy objectives - reduces carbon emissions from power plants & industries; - has a potential for “negative emissions” (bio-energy with CCS). Carbon Capture and Storage requires policy support to drive action; financial and policy incentives; social and political acceptance; (high) carbon prices and/or other mitigation incentives/regulations; requires (inter)national regulation regarding the technology deployment; requires international scientific, technological & political cooperation. 7. Januar 2016 Folie 5 Incentivizing the worldwide deployment of CCS Inclusion of CCS into the clean development mechanism project activities (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol G8 • • • • • 2005: Gleneagles Plan of Action – enhancing international cooperation on CCS 2008: Target of launching 10 large-scale CCS demonstration projects globally by 2010 2009 + 2010 Summits: Confirming the objectives 2014 Rome (G 7): promote use of CCS 2015 G7 Energy Ministers: encourage CCS & collaboration for large scale demonstration projects G20 • 2015: Energy Sustainable Working Group, Turkey: CCS on the agenda MEF • 2009 Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate: Technology Action Plan for CCS CSLF • • • • • • CCS demonstration project recognition Early opportunity workshops for stakeholders CCS Roadmap 2010 IEA/CSLF Report to the Muskoka G8 Leaders’ Summit CSLF 5th Ministerial meeting 2013: next 7 years critically important for creating positive conditions for CCS 6th meeting 2015 Saudi Arabia: CCS on the agenda GCCSI • Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute: Database of status CCS-Projects, reports … Other organizations supporting the advancement of CCS: Clean Energy Ministerial (emerged from MEF 2009 and was transferred to CSLF); Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), UNFCCC (in subsidiary body); European Commission supports R&D & demonstration of CCS since 20 years; Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM); bilateral agreements. 7. Januar 2016 Folie 6 International networks and organizations IPCC UNFCCC 1990~2000 2010 2005 2002: Scoping meeting, Regina 1992: UNFCCC launched 1997: Kyoto protocol finalized G8 2005: Special report 2006: Inventory guidelines 2014: CCS part of mitigation (bio) 2005: „welcomes“ 2006: Workshops CCS 2010: CCS IPCC Special Report and CCS & CDM eligible in CDM 2005: Gleneagles 2008: Commitment to 20 largePlan of Action scale demo projects by 2010 CEM 2010: CCUS established 2003: Inaugural meeting GCCSI IEAGHG 7. Januar 2016 2009: Energy Ministers pro CCS 2009: 1st CEM CSLF 2006-07 Early opportunities workshops 1st GHGT conference 2007: Capture-ready report 2014: CCUS 2015 recommen- CEM 6 dations 2010: CCS Roadmap 2008: GCCSI announcement 2011: Durban Modalities & Features for CCS 2015: 6th Forum, SA 2015: last update on global status of CCS GHGT- every 2 years Source: de Coninck, Bäckstrand 2011, Schenk 2013, Organization`s documents Folie 7 International collaboration on CCS R&D and demonstration CSLF, IEAGHG R&D Programme, IEA Clean Coal Centre • • • • 7. Januar 2016 Knowledge-sharing (R&D, pilot and demonstration projects) Networking Identification of international best practice Concept definition (e.g. „capture-ready“), development of guidelines for regulatory purposes Folie 8 But :gap between expectations/aspirations and reality “This roadmap includes an ambitious CCS growth path in order to achieve this GHG mitigation potential, envisioning 100 projects globally by 2020 and over 3000 projects by 2050.” IEA (2009) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage 2009. Paris, International Energy Agency, p. 4. “By 2020, investment worth USD 27 billion will be needed to fund about 60 early large-scale (industrial and fuel transformation sector) projects”. IEA/UNIDO (2011) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications. Paris, p. 5. But reality has not met expectations – announcements but a lack of implementation 7. Januar 2016 Folie 9 Non-European large scale Power Plant CCS projects Only one in operation: world's first coal-fired power plant retrofitted with CCS; others with uncertain future Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/ Oxy = Oxyfuel Combustion Capture, Pre = Pre Combustion Capture, Post = Post Combustion Capture, EOR = Enhanced Oil Recovery, EGR = Enhanced Gas Recovery, Saline = Saline Formation, Depleted Gas = Depleted Gas Reservoir, Depleted Oil = Depleted Oil Reservoir, TBD = To Be Decided 7. Januar 2016 Folie 10 CCS power projects in Europe Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/ Projects were chosen as the two CCS demonstration projects to progress to the next stage of the Government’s CCS Commercialisation Competition funding. A final investment decision by the end of 2015 is conceivable, £1 billion capital funding then could be expected in early in 2016; but no final decision about the future of the projects is made. Will most projects come out from the planning phase? 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation Folie 11 Cancelled and inactive CCS projects in Europe 19 projects are cancelled or on hold in other parts of the world, mostly in the US (13) Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/ 7. Januar 2016 Folie 12 But: CCS-Projects with focus on R&D and EOR Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index_capture.html Oxy = Oxyfuel Combustion Capture, Pre = Pre Combustion Capture, Post = Post Combustion Capture, EOR = Enhanced Oil Recovery, EGR = Enhanced Gas Recovery, Saline = Saline Formation, Depleted Gas = Depleted Gas Reservoir, Depleted Oil = Depleted Oil Reservoir, TBD = To Be Decided 7. Januar 2016 Folie 13 Commercial EOR Projects using Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Source: https://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects/index_capture.html EOR = Enhanced Oil Recovery 7. Januar 2016 Folie 14 Worldwide: Key large-scale power projects with CCS 7. Januar 2016 Folie 15 world's first coal-fired power plant retrofitted with CCS Reasons why CCS failed to come up to expectations Even if the application of CCS is essential part of climate protection strategies + risk presented by pipeline transport is roughly comparable to that of natural gas transport + safety and reliability of on- and off-shore storage has been demonstrated on at least a research scale There is still a need to demonstrate CCS feasibility by means of large demonstration plants, sufficient load flexibility, and commercial availability. CO2 utilization (Carbon Capture & Use, CCU) does yet not offer sufficient potential as a replacement for CO2 storage, although it may become significant as part of supply chains of raw materials for industry. The electricity generation costs will rise considerably and the CO2 avoidance costs (electricity sector and industry) are far higher than the current CO2 allowance prices in the EU. Investment incentives will only be present with a significantly higher long-term allowance price or with some kind of financial subsidies. Due to higher fuel requirements and transport, CO2 reduction is frequently implemented at the expense of other environmental impacts (e.g. eutrophication). There is hardly acceptance among the public in many European countries for CO2 storage on land or below the ocean floor, and the perception of CCS as a “risk technology” has taken root in large parts the population. Many countries have no CO2 reduction policy, which is a necessary prerequisite for implementing CCS. 7. Januar 2016 Folie 16 CCS risks and challenges Source: Tomski, P.: Carbon Capture & Storage, Global CCS Institute, October 2015 7. Januar 2016 Folie 17 Example – the case of Germany: No CCS despite a CCS Act Potential strorage areas Potential pipelines (cancelled) CCS power plant (cancelled) 7. Januar 2016 Local/political resistance successful Other strorage areas Local/political resistance successful Demo plant Jänschwalde by Vattefall, part of the EU EEPR funding, cancelled in 2013 Source image: http://www.eurosolar.de/de/index.php?option=com_ wrapper&Itemid=289; [01. 07. 2009] Folie 18 The German CCS Act makes CCS highly unlikely Legal situation: EU Directive on Carbon Capture and Storage was implemented into German law (2012). A controversial political process with different and unusual lines of conflict - between, but also within parties both at the federal and state level, between federal States (Länder) and the federal government, between NGOs and scientific advisory boards: > majority anti-CCS, CCS act excessively restrictive. Political/economic situation: Local- and NGO-opposition, the anti-storage attitude of most Federal State governments and State parties + anti-coal (in particular lignite phase out) policy, gaining strength + Low carbon prices (EU ETS), low electricity prices makes it very unlikely that a CO2 onshore storage project could be realized No relevant debate about process-related CCS from industry or biomass-CCS Not a single CCS-demonstration project is realized in Germany 7. Januar 2016 Folie 19 General attitudes to CCS / pipelines / storage in Germany CO2 transport via pipeline CO2 onshore storage CO2 offshore storage CCS in general General attitude Mean1 SD2 3.9 1.6 3.3 1.7 3.6 1.8 3.8 1,7 1 Scale from 1 (= very negative) to 7 (= very positive). 2 SD = Standard deviation. Data sources: IEK-STE, representative for Germany 2015 (n=1000) 7. Januar 2016 Folie 20 Summary on international cooperation in the field of CCS The key actors of international cooperation are governments, industry and academia that cooperate in the framework of international organizations, scientific organizations, and R&D networks. CCS was recognized as a climate change mitigation option after the release of the IPCC SR on CCS and is still recognized as an important option by the IPCC. The international organizations address the deployment of CCS by means of goalsetting, roadmapping activities, and inclusion of CCS in the existing mechanisms of international climate change mitigation. The international R&D networks focus on knowledge sharing and contribute to technical concepts‘ definition for regulatory purposes. But - limited outreach ? - Local/political resistance against CCS, in particular storage; CCS high costs and other challenges. But - better prospects for CCS ahead? 7. Januar 2016 Folie 21 1. National & international activities continue Countries with a focus on CCS technologies & policies: • • USA, United Kingdom, Canada China, Saudi Arabia, Australia … ? IEA CCS Roadmap 2013 stresses: • • • • • • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) will be a critical component in a portfolio of low-carbon energy technologies if governments undertake ambitious measures to combat climate change. The individual component technologies required for capture, transport and storage are generally well understood and, in some cases, technologically mature. Governments and industry must ensure that the incentive and regulatory frameworks are in place to deliver upwards of 30 operating CCS projects by 2020 across a range of processes and industrial sectors. CCS is not only about electricity generation. Almost half (45%) of the CO2 captured between 2015 and 2050 is from industrial applications. Given their rapid growth in energy demand, the largest deployment of CCS will need to occur in non-Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. This decade is critical for moving deployment of CCS beyond the demonstration phase. 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology EvaluationFolie 22 2. Industrial applications and CCS are an issue • Energy‐intensive industries account for a significant part of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. • CCS is the only option to decarbonize many industrial sectors. • CCS in industrial applications requires more attention from policy makers. • Demonstration of CCS in industrial applications is not happening fast enough. • Policies must consider the global competitiveness of industrial sectors. 7. Januar 2016 Folie 23 IEA CCS 2014 - key actions for CCS success • • • • • • • Introduce financial support mechanisms for demonstration and early deployment of CCS to drive private financing of projects. Implement policies that encourage storage exploration, characterization and development for CCS projects. Develop national laws and regulations as well as provisions for multilateral finance that effectively require new-build, base-load, fossil-fuel power generation capacity to be CCS-ready. Prove capture systems at pilot scale in industrial applications where CO2 capture has not yet been demonstrated. Significantly increase efforts to improve understanding among the public and stakeholders of CCS technology and the importance of its deployment. Reduce the cost of electricity from power plants equipped with capture through continued technology development and use of highest possible efficiency power generation cycles. • Encourage efficient development of CO2 transport infrastructure by anticipating locations of future demand centres and future volumes of CO2. 7. Januar 2016 Folie 24 Selected References IPCC: IPCC, Carbon Capture and Storage, SR 2005, https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/srccs/srccs_wholereport.pdf. IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report Report, Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, http://mitigation2014.org/. Roadmaps: IEA (2009) Technology Roadmap. Carbon capture and Storage. http://www.iea.org/papers/2009/CCS_Roadmap.pdf. CSLF (2013) Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Technology roadmap. http://www.cslforum.org/publications/index.html?cid=nav_publications. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2013) Comunication on the Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe. Brussels, EU-Commission, 27.3.2013, COM(2013) 180 final. IEA (2013) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage 2013, Paris, International Energy Agency. IEA/UNIDO (2011) Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage in Industrial Applications. Paris. Policy & regulation, acceptance: IEA (2012): Carbon capture and storage - Legal and Regulatory Review, Edition 3. OECD/IEA, Paris. IEA (2012) Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage. Paris, OECD/IEA KHESHGI, H., DE CONINCK, H. & KESSELS, J. (2012) Carbon dioxide capture and storage: Seven years after the IPCC special report. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17:6, 563-567. KUCKSHINRICHS, W.; HAKE, J.-F. (Eds.) Cabon Capture, Storage and Use - Technical, Economic, Environmental and Societal Perspectives. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2014 (German case study). L׳ORANGE SEIGO, S., DOHLE, S. & SIEGRIST, M. (2014) Public perception of CCS: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38:0, 848-863. DIXON, T., McCOY, S. T. & HAVERCROFT, I. (2015) Legal and Regulatory Developments on CCS. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 431-448. VAN EGMOND, S. & HEKKERT, M. P. (2015) Analysis of a prominent carbon storage project failure – The role of the national government as initiator and decision maker in the Barendrecht case. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 34, 1-11. KEMPER, J. (2015) Biomass and carbon dioxide capture and storage: A review. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 401-430. ASHWORTH, P., WADE, S., REINER, D. & LIANG, X. (2015) Developments in public communications on CCS. Intern. Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 40, 449-458. CCS and “negative emissions”: KRIEGLER, E., EDENHOFER, O., REUSTER, L., LUDERER, G. & KLEIN, D. (2013) Is atmospheric carbon dioxide removal a game changer for climate change mitigation? Climatic Change, 1-13. CCS in CDM: DECISION 7/CMP.6 (2010) Carbon dioxide capture and storage in geological formations as clean development mechanism project activities & following decisions, https://cdm.unfccc.int/about/ccs/index.html. CCS global status updates: IEA/CSLF (2010) IEA/CSLF report to the Muskoka 2010 G8 summit - Carbon capture and storage - Progress and next steps. OECD/IEA, CSLF, prepared with the cooperation of the Global CCS Institute, http://www.iea.org/papers/2010/ccs_g8.pdf. IEA (2014) CCS 2014: What lies in store for CCS? Paris, OECD/IEA. GCCSI (2015) The global status of CCS: 2015 summary report, Canberra, Global CCS Institute. International cooperation in the field of CCS: BÄCKSTRAND, K. (2008) Accountability of networked climate governance: The rise of transnational climate partnerships. Global Environmental Politics, 8:3. DE CONINCK, H. & BÄCKSTRAND, K. (2011) An International Relations perspective on the global politics of carbon dioxide capture and storage. Global Environmental Change, 21:2, 368-378. DE CONINCK, H., FISCHER, C., NEWELL, R. G. & UENO, T. (2008) International technology-oriented agreements to address climate change. Energy Policy, 36, 335-356. SCHENK, O. (2013) Interest Mediation and Policy Formulation in the European Union. Influence of Transnational Technology-Oriented Agreements on European Policy in the Field of Carbon Capture and Storage. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich. Hake, J.-Fr., Schenk, O. (2014) International Cooperation in Support of CCS, in: KUCKSHINRICHS, W.; HAKE, J.-F. (Eds.) Cabon Capture, Storage and Use, pp. 311-327. 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation Folie 25 Thank you for the attention! Questions? [email protected] 7. Januar 2016 Institute for Energy and Climate Research System Analysis and Technology Evaluation Folie 26