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The Social Construction of Climate Adaptation Governance Thorsten Heimann, Nicole Mahlkow Folie 1 von 18 Initial: Different Handlings of Natural Science Scenarios concerning Climate Change Schleswig-Holstein, Niendorf near Lübeck, February 2010: Upgrading of Dikes: 50 cm Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, LUMV, 2009: „There is still time to wait and see“ Niedersachsen 2007: Upgrading of Dikes (25cm) + 25 cm Folie 2 von 18 Different Handlings of Natural Science Scenarios concerning Climate Change Denmark: „Wunderkind of Climate Mitigation“? (Der Spiegel 2007) Poland: „Other Priorities?“ „Climate Change discussed rarely“ Folie 3 von 18 (Raabe / Härtel 2007) Project D 3.1: How societies react to climate change What are our questions? How do societies construct and react to climate change? Why is climate change perceived in different ways? Which role do spatial and cultural factors play? Folie 4 von 18 Relevance How does it matter to governance? Coping Strategies for climate change can only be effective If they are supported and accepted by relevant stakeholders If they consider and implement respective modes of perception and knowledge Regional and cultural patterns should be identified to increase efficiency and adequacy of measures Folie 5 von 18 Theoretical Approach Social Constructionism / Sociology of Knowledge How is knowledge formed and how does it shape a distinctive social reality? All knowledge can be seen as a shared interpretation of what reality is. Folie 6 von 18 It is derived from complex social interactions, especially from communication processes. The knowledge is embedded in the institutional fabric of society. People internalise this knowledge as objective fact, underlying logics of construction are not apparent anymore. Methods Knowledge Construction of Climate Change -Threats and chances -Preferred measures Module 1 Analysis of public discourses Module 2 Expert interviews Qualitative Genesis of Knowledge constructions Folie 7 von 18 Module 3 Quantitative survey Quantitative Interrelations of existing knowledge constructions Study Design Study Design - Standardized Online-Survey - Sample - Countries: NL, D, DK, PL - Coastal Municipalities - Spatial Planning / Coast Protection - Gross-Sample: 7249 Agents - Knowledge Constructions: - Climate Scenarios - Preferred Climate Measures - Established Cultural Indicators: - Values and Norms - Beliefs and Premises - Identities Folie 8 von 18 Acceptance: Flood Protection Measures (Sea) TOTAL: All Countries Basis: n=785 Unnecessary Necessity 1 Mean Average ø 5 Very easily feasible Very necessary 5 I II Improvement of Dykes and Protective Constructions Water Adapted Settlement Structures Feasibility Local Population Safety Rooms Displacement of Dykes Inland Deconstruction of Dykes to Reintroduce Nature at the coast Not at all feasible 1 Deconstruction of Settlement Areas Located Close to the Sea III IV Question AKZa/AKZb: „Please assess the necessity and feasibility of the following measures for [Bezugsraum] up to 2025. Furthermore, please indicate if any measures have been conducted during the last 15 years.“ (5Point-RatingScale) Folie 9 von 18 Acceptance: Deconstruction of Dykes to Reintroduce Nature at the Coast TOTAL: All Countries Basis: n=785 Unnecessary Necessity 1 Mean Average ø 5 Very easily feasible Feasibility Economy Politics Not at all feasible 1 II Deconstruction of Dykes to Reintroduce Nature at the Coast TOTAL Economics Admin NGOs I III Very necessary 5 Non-Governmental Organisations Public Administration Politics IV Question AKZa/AKZb: „Please assess the necessity and feasibility of the following measures for [Bezugsraum] up to 2025. Furthermore, please indicate if any measures have been conducted during the last 15 years.“ (5Point-RatingScale) Folie 10 von 18 Knowledge Constructions used in the Questionnaire Materialism/ Postmaterialism Preliminary Results Fragility of Nature (Thompson et al. 1990, Grundman / Stehr 2003) Ability to Control Nature and Society (Inglehart 1977) Beliefs and Premises Values and Norms Knowledge Constructions (i.a.A. Berger / Luckmann 1969) Conservation / Openness for Change (Schwartz 2007) Identities Spacial Identification (Weichart et.al 2006 / Lalli 1989) Folie 11 von 18 (Nuissl 2007) Knowledge about Climate Change Knowledge Constructions used in the Questionnaire Hypothesis: Materialism/ Postmaterialism (Inglehart 1977) Interrelations between Materialism/Postmaterialism-Orientation and individual problem-framing of Climate Change? (ref. to O‘Brian / Wolf 2010) Ronald Inglehart 1970s Value Change in Prosperious Societies since World War II From Materialism to Postmaterialism „Post-Materialists“ vs. „Materialists“ Folie 12 von 18 Knowledge about Climate Change Framing of Problems: „Do You Think Climate Change is a Serious Problem in General?“ / Materialism-Postmaterialism-Index Country GER DK NL PL ALL 100,0% 90,0% 80,0% 76,0% 70,0% 70,1% 70,6% 62,0% 60,0% Coefficient of Contingency K 0,230* 0,487* 0,588* 0,507* 0,238* * Sig.<0,05 (Rather) a serious Problem Postmaterialism 50,0% Materialism 40,0% 30,0% 38,0% 29,9% 29,4% 24,0% 20,0% 10,0% 0,0% Basis: n=785 Question KWP: „Do you think climate change is a serious problem in general?“ (5-Point-Rating-Scale) Question ING: „Which of the following things would you say is most important: Maintaining order and security in the nation, Giving people more say in important government decisions, fighting rising prices, protecting freedom of speech?“ (Index) Folie 13 von 18 Methods Knowledge Construction of Climate Change -Threats and chances -Preferred measures Module 1 Analysis of public discourses Module 2 Expert interviews Qualitative Genesis of Knowledge Construction Folie 14 von 18 Module 3 Quantitative survey Quantitative Interrelations of existing knowledge constructions Discourse Analysis Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse Analysis Analysis of collective knowledge in societal fields Discourses: recurring patterns of communication that create shared interpretations of what reality is. Folie 15 von 18 Fußzeile Discoursive Constellations Economy Field logics: stable within a field, local constellations of and between sectors vary Public media NGOs Politics Interplay of local knowledge and (supra-) national knowledge: important role of local topics and narratives Constallations and structures of discourses are spatially unique Folie 16 von 18 Fußzeile Admin Methodological Approach Discourse Analysis Research material: Locally spread papers Nationally spread papers Publications from local economic, political, administrative sector Genealogy 2003 Folie 17 von 18 2010 Lübeck Bremen Rostock First Results: Local media discourse Rostock and Lübeck • • • Both coastal towns at the Baltic Sea Similar size and structure Severe financial situation But does that mean they perceive climate change similarly and prefer the same measures? 2100: Lübeck old town drowning after sea level rise „The great flood of prognoses“ 2100: Rostock Riviera „Why should we go to the Mediterranean ?“ Ostseezeitung Folie 18 von 18 Fußzeile First Results: Local media discourse Knowledge Constructions on Climate Change Dominant spatial perception of threats Dominant time orientation in climate discourses Dominant local social fields Preferred measures Folie 19 von 18 Lübeck Rostock Localised /globalised Regionalised /globalised History: Focus on hanseatic heritage Future : Focus on future chances Politics Economy Preservation through mitigation and adaptation Change through mitigation strategies Conclusion If conflicts arise in Climate Adaptation Governance, please consider: Folie 20 von 18 Knowledge Constructions involved - Development of Local Discourses - Values, Beliefs, Identities of agents Field Logics - Local Constellations of Groups involved from different Social Fields The Social Construction of Climate Adaptation Governance Thorsten Heimann, Nicole Mahlkow Thank you ! 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