Download Chapter 43 The Body`s Defenses

Chapter 43
The Body’s Defenses
Lymphocytes
I. Innate Immunity
• A. The First Line, _________ Defenses
– 1.The ______ and ________ membranes are our
primary defense.
• Sweat glands keep the skin pH at 3-5, too ______ for
most microbes.
• Tears, saliva, and mucous have antimicrobial proteins
including _______ which destroy bacteria.
• B. The Second Line…
– 1.The ___________response includes localized swelling,
redness, and heat of inflammation.
• Chemical signals draw clotting factors and _______ cells from
the blood into the damaged tissue.
2. _________ is in tears, saliva and mucous.
– 3. Cellular _______ ________ include:
• a. __________ white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins.
• b._____________ proteins can lyse foreign cells.
• c.__________ interferes with a viruses ability to reproduce.
– Phagocytic cells and ________ _______ cells are on
the prowl…
• a. ________(WBC’s) are attracted to the area of infection by
chemical signals given off by infected cells.(__________)
• b. ________ migrate into tissues and become macrophages(big eaters)
Phagocytosis
• c. ________ attack larger parasitic invaders like the liver fluke.
• d. ______ _______ cells destroy virus infected body cells and
abnormal cells that might become cancerous.
» They don’t “eat” the cells, they attack the cell membrane and lyse
the cells.
II.The Specific Line of Defense
• A._________(B and T cells) are the key cells of
the third line of defense against disease.
– 1.___ ___________ include
• a. plasma cells -produce antibodies against specific
antigens(foreign proteins)
• b. _______ cells which circulate for years= immunity!
2.___ _____________ include
a. _________ T cells -destroy infected cells and cancer
cells by recognizing the foreign antigens on their surface.
b. _________ T cells -alert the immune system when an
infection has taken place.
-When we have an infection, the foreign proteins on the surface of the
invader, called ________, are recognized by our B and T cells.
-The B cells produce ________ to bind to antigens and prevent the
invader from entering healthy cells.
-The T cells bind to the ________ that are displayed on our own cells
and destroy your infected cell.
Immune Tolerance for Self
• Immune cells are monitored to assure that they do not
have receptors for proteins already present in the body. If
they do, they are destroyed by programmed cell death.
The _______ to distinguish self from _______ is critical
to survival. The immune system exhibits the critical
feature of _____-________. Failure of this feature can
lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis,
diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, ________, Crohn’s disease
and psoriasis.
III. Immune Responses
• A. ________ immunity involves B cell
activation and results from the production of
antibodies in the blood.(respond to free bacteria,
viruses and toxins in the blood)
• B. ______ ________ immunity depends on the
action of T cells.(respond to bacteria and viruses
within infected cells and also against fungi,
protozoa, and parasitic worms)
• C.The _____ ____ cell is necessary for both
types of immune responses because they activate
both the B cells and the T cells.
IV. Immunity in Health and Disease
• A. _________ immunity is conferred from
recovering from an infectious disease or
artificially through _________. (chicken pox)
• B. _________ immunity results when antibodies
are transferred from one person to another(mother
to child) (rabies injection)
V. HIV
• A.Human immunodeficiency virus
causes ________, Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
– 1.People with AIDS have a ______
immune response and become
susceptible to __________ diseases.
– 2.38 million are infected and 24
million have died.
– 3.There is no ________ in sight.
– 4.The creation of ‘________” is a
problem when two infected
individuals engage in activities that
create multi-drug resistant strains of
the virus.
HIV infected T cell
• B. The _____ attacks the Helper T cell, thus eliminating
the “_______” of the immune system. The body becomes
unable to mount an immune response.
– 1.AIDS sufferers typically die of “___________” diseases like
pneumonia.
– 2.Even the flu can be ________ because of the lack of an
immune response.
VI. Emergent Diseases
• A. An ______ __________ is an infectious
disease that has newly appeared in a
population or that has been known for some
time but is rapidly ___________ in incidence
or geographic range.
VII. What’s Next…
• A. Advances in molecular biology promise
to provide new __________ for disease.
– 1.Genetically engineered ________ work
against tumor necrosis factor, the substance that
causes rheumatoid athritis and Crohn’s disease.
– 2.__________ antibodies are effective against
certain cancers like lymphomas.
– 3.New advances are just around the corner…