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Anabolism Metabolic Pathways of Energy Use Define the terms as follows. Microbiology Pure Culture 中心法则 Microorganisms are thought to have been living on the earth for 2.3~4.7 billion years. Koch’s postulates Winogradsky column Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-necked flask Antony Van Leeuwenhock Average bacteria 0.5 - 2.0 µm in diameter G+C%。 营养型,在什么自然环境中最容易被分离到。 Macromolecules Nucleoside: base + sugar OH HO P O Bases: O CH2 Base O C H H C H C C H H H or OH adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T) RNA uses uracil (U) instead of thymine Sugar: • RNA – ribose (OH) • DNA – deoxyribose (H) Remember that carbon in sugar is numbered in sequence!!! How they are numbered? 2.3 Bacterial Structures AACGTCGAAA (Organism A) AACCTCGAAA (Organism B) AGGCTAGAAA (Organism C) AGGCTAGTAA (Organism D) Winogradsky column The mud become stratified with different colors and looks beautiful (right-handed figure)! The different types of microorganism proliferate and occupy distinct zones where the environmental conditions favour their specific activities. Winogradsky column The Winogradsky column is a simple laboratory demonstration illustrates how different microorganisms perform their interdependent roles: the activities of one organism enable another to grow, and vice-versa. These columns are complete, self-contained recycling systems, driven only by energy from light! Continuous cultures: Media flow culture Out flow Cells in continuous culture vassal can be kept at log phase. Dilution Plates 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml 9 ml 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 Statistically relevant colony density: 30 - 300 Technique largely used for isolation or water testing, such as coliform test. Assume that cells are at the exponential growth stage. Then we can calculate cell numbers at ant time of the stage. Nt N0 2 n 0.301t G lg N t lg N 0 N0 is the number of cells at time zero. Nt is the number of cells at time t. n is the generations G is the time needed to complete one generation. Growth stage in a batch culture Log(N) stationary inoculate decline log lag time Nutritional Requirements 1. Photolithotrophic autotrophs Light Inorganic H+ source CO2 carbon source 2. Photoorganotrophic heterotrophs Light energy Organic H+ source Organic carbon source 3. Chemolithotrophic autotrophs Chemical energy source Inorganic H+ source CO2 Carbon source 4. Chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs Chemical energy source Organic H+ source Organic carbon source photolithoautotroph (光能自养) photoorganoheterotroph (光能异养) chemolithoautotroph (化能自养) chemoorganoheterotroph (化能异养) Energy Production ATP(三磷酸腺苷) 腺嘌呤 核糖 Yield of ATP in Glycolysis & Aerobic Respiration Glycolytic Pathway(糖酵解途径) Substrate-level phosphorylation (ATP) Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 NADH 2 ATP 6 ATP 2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl CoA(丙酮酸到乙酰辅酶A) Oxidative phosphorylation w/2 NADH 6 ATP Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle(三羧酸循环) Substrate-level phosphorylation (GTP) Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 6 NADH Oxidative phosphorylation w/ 2 FADH2 Total 2 ATP 18 ATP 4 ATP 38 ATP