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Medieval Europe Recap over empires Egypt Greece Rome Holy Roman Empire (west) The Church Eastern Roman Empire The Church When the Roman Catholic Church first ordained popes, they were good, pious, hard-working men. Over time, like civilizations, those religious leaders became corrupt and abused their power. During the Middle Ages, the church grew in strength, then abused that power. It wouldn’t be until later that the Roman Catholic Church cleaned up some it’s more twisted members. The Role of the Church Remember that in the Roman Empire (old), Christianity became accepted. When they split the Roman Empire (old), they split the church too. There was a ranking system among the clergy POPE – from the Latin word papa, meaning father Archbishop Archbishop Bishop of a Diocese Bishop of a Diocese Bishop of a Diocese Bishop of a Diocese Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Priest of a Parish Some history of the Church The bishop of Rome claimed he was the leader of the church because Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven. Peter was considered the chief apostle and the first bishop of Rome. Later, the bishops that succeeded him were called Popes. People couldn’t agree on how much power the Pope had. Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy. He took over Rome and the surrounding areas and converted people via the monastic movement. Monasticism – the practice of living the life of a monk (a man who separates himself from the world to get closer to God) by emphasizing prayer and physical labor. Jobs available to monks: heroes of Christian civilization, social workers, teachers of centers of learning, and missionary work. Women who lived the same kind of life were called nuns. The Split In the early 11th century, problems grew between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Church would not accept the pope because he was in Rome, not out west. In 1054 Pope Leo IX (of Rome) and Patriarch Michael Cerularius (of Constantinople) excommunicated each other. This caused a schism between the two branches. Papal Monarchy • Since the popes had control over the Papal States, they were involved in politics. The Church became increasingly involved in the feudal system. Bishops saw their offices as presents from the nobles and therefore cared little about spiritual duties. • By the eleventh century Church leaders realized the need to be free from the interference of lords when choosing clergy. Pope Gregory VII decided to fight the practice of lay investiture New clergy were given a ring and a staff as symbols of authority. Secular officials began granting this investiture. Pope Gregory VII wanted to stop this. Only then could the Church regain its freedom, the sole right to appoint clergy and run its own affairs. If secular rulers wouldn’t accept this, then the pope would remove them. Gregory VII believed the pope’s authority extended over all rulers. Gregory VII fought with Henry IV over lay investiture. Gregory VII stated forbiddance. This became known as the Investiture Controversy In 1122, the Concordat of Worms was agreed upon. Church officials first elected the German bishop. The bishop would then pay respects to the king. The king would then invest that bishop with the symbols of earthly office. A representative of the pope then invested the bishop with symbols of his spiritual office. The twelfth-century popes were most interested in strengthening their papal power. The Catholic Church reached the height of its political power during the papacy of Pope Innocent III. He believed the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs. He loved to use the interdict. When people lost the comforts of religion, they would apply pressure on their ruler to do whatever it was that the pope wanted. New Religious Orders A wave of religious enthusiasm seized Europe in the first half of the twelfth century and led to a spectacular growth in the number of monasteries and new orders. Cistercians – founded by a group of disgruntled Benedictine monks, 1098. Strict and active. Women joined in record numbers as nuns. 1200’s • Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Goal was to abandon material pursuits and preach poverty. Simplicity, joy, and love attracted followers. They rejected all property and lived by working and begging by food. • Dominicans founded by Dominic de Guzman to defend Church teachings from heresy by living in poverty and preaching effectively. Inquisition was used to deal with heretics. Confessors were flogged. After 1252, those who didn’t confess were tortured. For these people, using force to save souls was the right thing to do because heresy was a crime against God, and people’s salvation hung in the balance. Popular religion Sacraments were important because it was the means to receive God’s grace. Since clergy were the only ones who could give it, that made people dependent on them. Saints were important because they held a special place in heaven and you could ask favors of them. Relics were important and were worshipped because it was believed that they offered a connection between the earthly world and God. It was believed that pilgrimages to a holy shrine produced spiritual benefits. Jerusalem was the greatest site, Rome had relics of Saints Peter and Paul, and the Spanish town of Santiago de Compostela where the Apostle James is supposedly buried, are all important. The Decline of the Church The Roman Catholic popes reached the height of their power in the 1200’s, but then they faced problems. Kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims of supremacy. King Philip IV claimed he could tax the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII said the clergy needed his permission, so the king had him arrested. The pope escapes, but dies. So King Philip gets a Frenchman, Clement V, elected pope. Popes lost prestige due to Clement living in France and the splendor in which he lived. Splitting the papacy wasn’t smart. At risk for their lives, Rome chose a Italian pope, but France refused him and chose their own. This divided Europe politically, and ruined people’s faith in the papacy These crisis in the catholic Church led to cries for an end to the clergy’s corruption and the papacy’s excessive power. By the early 1400’s, the Church had lost much of its political and spiritual power. Recap over government Hammurabi’s Code, the first written law, talked about an eye for an eye. Thanks to invaders, and several governments that apparently didn’t work, single strong rulers took power. The new government is called feudalism. In Greece, they let everyone vote in a democracy. In Rome (a republic), they chose representatives to choose the leader. Don’t forget the Law of Nations. Rulers and Leaders of Western Europe The Germans… Remember the Visigoths that attacked Rome when it fell? Well, Visigoths were German, and the Germans took power. The longest lasting German kingdom was the Franks, ruled by Clovis – he converted to Christianity due to a plea with Jesus Culture: Germans and Romans intermarried Extended families (unlike American & Roman laws, crimes were personal instead of against the state) allowed for blood feuds • Wergild – wrongdoes pays injured party’s family $$ to avoid feud • Ordeal – physical act to determine guilt – the gods wouldn’t let an innocent person be hurt Charles the Great/ Charlemagne supported learning. His prompting renewed interest in Latin culture and classical works of Greece and Rome. Benedictine monks copied Christian and classical Latin manuscripts throughout the Middle Ages. Charles the Great/ Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and administered the missi dominici to make sure people followed his orders. He was crowned emperor of the Romans. This testifies to the enduring nature of the idea of the Roman Empire. The coronation also symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements that forged European civilization. The spiritual leader of western Christendom – the pope – had crowned a Germanic king Roman emperor. The French… What we know as France today was carved out of Frankish (Germany) and English lands. Hugh Capet was the first French king, but his power included only the area around Paris. The French monarchy’s power grew under King Philip II Augustus because he took lands away from England (increase of income and power). Philip the Fair expanded the bureaucracy, began the first French parliament by meeting with representatives of the three classes (estates). Germany + France + Italy = Holy Roman Empire?? Frederick I considered Italy the center of a “holy empire,” hence the name Holy Roman Empire. He tried to rule both German and Italian lands, but Italian cities and the pope unified against him. The struggle between popes and emperors had profound effects on the Holy Roman Empire. With the emperor gone to war, the German nobles created many independent states & the German monarch could not maintain a strong monarchy The French philosopher Voltaire observed ironically that the Holy Roman Empire was not holy, Roman, or an empire. What do you think he meant? Rulers and Leaders of Eastern Europe Eastern Europe & the Slavs Western (Roman Catholic) Polish kingdom (Slavs) Bohemia kingdom (Czech) Southern (linked Eastern to Byzantine state) Croats – Roman Ukraine Catholic Church Serbs – Eastern Russia Orthodox Hungary Bulgarians – Eastern Orthodox Russia Vikings arrived for plunder and trade Viking leader Oleg created Kiev and as it grew, it attracted people. The Vikings called the native people Rus – that’s where we got the name Russia. So here’s a song. What does it have to do with this unit? Immigrant Song Written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant; Performed by Led Zepplin Ah, ah… We come from the land of the ice and snow, from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow. The hammer of the gods Will drive our ships to new lands, To fight the horde, singing and crying: Valhalla, I am coming! On we sweep with threshing oar, Our only goal will be the western shore. Ah, ah… We come from the land of the ice and snow, from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow. How soft your fields so green, Can whisper tales of gore, Of how we calmed the tides of war. We are your overlords. On we sweep with threshing oar, Our only goal will be the western shore. So now you’d better stop and rebuild all your ruins, For peace and trust can win the day Despite of all your losing. Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries and the ruler Vladimir accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity for himself and his people in 988. Kiev fell in 1169 due to civil wars and invasions. Mongols conquered Russia, and required the princes to pay tribute. Justinian Became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527, even though he wanted to restore the full Roman Empire. His most important contribution was his codification of Roman law in the Body of Civil Law. It became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe. He rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had destroyed most of the city. It was the largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages and was the chief center for trading goods. He also built the Hagia Sophia. Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire in serious trouble… Too much territory far from Constantinople An empty treasury Population decline (plague) Renewed threats along frontier Islam (unified attack force) Justinian’s empire was stripped down, and the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor that was left was called the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire The empire expanded due to the trade of its leaders, the Macedonians. The empire fell due to incompetent successors, internal struggles, the schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, and external threats. The Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantine forces, and Emperor Alexius I turned to Europe for help, causing the Crusades. The Crusades From 1000-1200, European Christians went on a series of military campaigns (we call them the Crusades) to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. They started when Pope Urban II agree to Alexius I’s request to help against the Turks (Muslims). The pope agreed because it would provide papal leadership. At the council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II urged Christians to take up arms in a holy war. Fighters joined because: 1) some were moved by the cause 2) others were moved by adventure 3) the prospect of fighting 4) the opportunity to gain territory, riches, or even a title. The First Crusade - An army of several thousand cavalry and 10,000 infantry took Jerusalem in 1099, massacring thousands. Four Latin crusader states were formed, and were surrounded by Muslims. These kingdoms depended on supplies from Europe to survive. That means Christians won. Second Crusade – By the 1140’s, the Muslims began to strike back. A Latin state fell, and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux got King Louis VII (France) and Emperor Conrad III (Germany) to help in the Second Crusade. They failed miserably. The Third Crusade – In 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslims under Saladin, prompting the Third Crusade. Three Christian rulers wanted to help out: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I of England, and Philip II Augustus of France. Frederick drowned, Philip went home and Richard negotiated an agreement. They did not win, but pilgrims were allowed access to Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade – in 1199, Pope Innocent III started another crusade. Venetian leaders used this situation to weaken their largest competitor, the Byzantine Empire, concerning trade. They sacked Constantinople in 1204. The Byzantine army recaptured the city in 1261, but it was never a superpower again. The Ottoman Turks then conquer the area in 1453. The The two “children crusades” started in 1212 when thousands of German children petitioned the pope to lead them to the Holy Land. The pope sent them home. Twenty thousand French children sailed to the Holy Land about the same time. Two ships went down at sea, and the remainder were sold into slavery in Africa. People disagree on the effects of the Crusades They benefitted some Italian cities economically, but then again, it should have happened anyway. It was the first widespread European attacks on the Jews. Politically, it helped break down feudalism. Castles Battle of Hastings - 1066. France (William of Normandy) invades England, and England lost. With this win, came the improvement of castles and the dominance of France and their more sophisticated governments http://fc.burlesonisd.net/~hwillson/ The Hundred Years’ War In addition to economic crises, plague, and the decline of the Church, political instability was also a problem. Remember that England still held a little of continental France. King Philip VI of France wanted it back, King Edward III of England didn’t agree, so war was declared in 1337 till 1453. The war began as an explosion of knightly enthusiasm. (the guys on horses) It was a turning point in warfare though because peasant foot soldiers won the chief battles. English foot soldiers were armed not only with pikes, but the longbow, which replaced the crossbow. It went farther, faster, and more accurately. The cannon was made possible by the invention of gunpowder. English dominance: first major battle at Crecy in 1346 won by English archers. Henry V was eager to push forward. In 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, England won. French king Charles was convinced that Joan of Arc was deeply religious and had visions from saints demanding she free France. Inspired by Joan, France captured Orleans. She was captured in 1430 and was tried in the Inquisition for witchcraft. She was condemned as a heretic and executed. She still inspired France, which defeated England at Normandy and Aquitaine and won the war in 1453. Political Recovery The 1300’s European monarchies experienced many difficulties over succession and finances. The 1400’s saw a recovery of the centralized power of monarchies, however. Some historians refer to these reestablished states as the new monarchies. This term applies especially to France, England, and Spain. France France was weak after the Hundred Years war. The kings used the new national feeling to reestablish royal power. King Louis XI increased the use of taille – an annual tax on property or land England The Hundred Years War strained England’s economy. War of Roses broke out – nobles tried to control the monarchy unit 1485, when Henry Tudor (Henry VII) established a new dynasty. Henry VII abolished the nobles’ private armies, and did not overtax the nobles or middle class. Spain Muslims had conquered much of Spain by 725, even though many Christian rulers had tried to win it back. When Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, it was a big step towards unifying power in Spain. They adopted Catholicism, and in 1492, expelled all Jews from Spain. Muslims were “encouraged” to convert to Catholicism. Within a few years, they too were expelled. other The Holy Roman Empire did not develop a strong monarchical authority. After 1438, the Hapsburg dynasty held the position of Holy Roman emperor. By the mid-1400’s century, these wealthy rulers were playing an important role in Europe. Religious differences made it hard for rulers in eastern Europe to unify their states. In Poland, the nobles established the right to elect their king, which weakened the monarchy. Gradually the princes of Moscow gained power from the Mongols. The great prince Ivan III established a new Russian state. By 1480, he had thrown off the yoke of the Mongols. Society and Culture The Manorial System King/Pope lords Vassals & knights Serfs & peasants Compare the feudal manor to the plantation of the antebellum South in the United States. (social classes) Lords owned manors and had legal rights over serfs (their permission was needed to marry or leave the manor, as well as try serfs in home courts). Vassals owed their military allegiance to their lord in the hope of receiving land gifts. Serfs (about 60% of the population) were legally bound to the land. They would work the lord’s share and their own share. They also had to pay to use pasture lands, fishing ponds and to grind one’s grain. Serfs were not slaves – their land could not be taken away, and the lord was obliged to protect his serfs Daily Life - farm Little privacy Small homes Life & work were decided by the season. Catholic feast days broke up work. Church was crucial. Women worked the fields, had children and managed the household. Diet included dark breads, vegetables, and meat only on feast days. They drank ale. What do you think is the most fundamental difference between life for the medieval peasant and life for the small farmer in the United States? Agriculture •The number of people almost doubled in Europe between 1000 and 1300 because of increased stability and peace enabling increased food production. • Food production increased because of a climate change and more land was cleared for cultivation. Europe had more farmland in 1200 than it does today. Technological changes like water and wind power, iron use in axes, hoes, and hammers helped. The wheeled plow pulled by animals was invented, along with the horseshoe. The use of a three-field system of crop rotation helped as well. Universities The modern-day university is a product of the High Middle Ages. The word university comes from the Latin universitas, meaning “corporation” or “guild.” Medieval universities were guilds that produced educated and trained individuals. First university – Bologna, Italy First university in Northern Europe – University of Paris. Students left this school though, and founded Oxford, in England. Over 80 universities by 1500 Taught the traditional liberal arts through lecture – no written exams Women did not attend Scholasticism Theology was the most highly regarded subject at medieval universities. Scholasticism - a philosophical & theological system. To harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy Greek philosophical ideas of Aristotle (brought by Muslim and Jewish scholars) Saint Thomas Aquinas combined the knowledge through Scripture with the knowledge through reason and experience. His method of investigation first posed a question, then cited sources offering opposing opinions and then reconciling them and arriving at his own conclusions. Literature Latin was the universal language By 1100, vernacular writings appeared – especially Spanish or English Most popular – poetry, chanson de geste (heroic epic describing battles and political contests) Architecture - Originally churches built in Romanesque style, but later in Gothic style - Romanesque – stone Roofs, massive pillars, Little windows, dark, arched windows & doors Gothic – replaced barrel vault with ribbed vaults and pointed arches allowing more height; flying buttress supported the stone, allowing bigger windows with stained glass Daily Life - city Houses were close to each other with narrow streets. Fire was a great danger. In general, the environment was unpleasant There were baths (like from Rome), but they were closed due to the plagues of the 1300’s. There were more men than women. Cities became important manufacturing centers. Guilds arose. They set quality standards, specified methods of production and fixed the prices on goods. A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice at about age 10. They received room and board but no pay. After about 5-7 years, apprentices became journeymen and could be paid. To eventually become a master, a journeymen had to produce a masterpiece and that piece was also their ticket into the guild. Cities Trade led to the revival of cities. Merchants began to settle in the old Roman cities. Artisans followed. New cities and towns were also founded. Merchants built near a castle for trade and the lord’s protection. Walls were built for protection. Cities were small. The merchants and artisans of these cities later came to be called the bourgeoisie. Towns were tied to lords, and the lords wanted to treat the townspeople as serfs, but that didn’t go over. Cities eventually develop their own governments where patricians usually ruled. Trade From 1000 to 1100, trade was revived due to fairs held six times a year, and with it, the growth of cities became apparent. In Italy, there was Venice. Venice traded mostly in the Mediterranean. Farther north, Flanders traded woolen cloth in northern Europe Demand for gold and silver rose. A money economy arose to replace the pervious barter economy. New practices of trading companies and banks allowed for commercial capitalism – an economic system in which people invest in trade and goods to make profit. Don’t forget about the Silk Road Bubonic Plague Fleas, riding on rats and other furry animals, traveled from China, along the Silk Road, to Europe. 1347-1351 Many people believed the plague was a punishment sent by God for their sins or was caused by the devil. The plague led to an outbreak of antiSemitism, with persecution being the worst in Germany. Some people thought the plague was caused by Jews poisoning their towns’ wells. So Jews fled to Poland, where the king protected them. The death of so many people had strong economic consequences: Trade declined (not as many people to buy) Price of labor rose (shortage of workers) Lowered demand of food (falling prices) Landlords paid more for labor than they took in from rent. So serfs and peasants bargained to pay rent instead of owing services. This change in effect freed them from serfdom, which had been declining throughout the High Middle Ages. 527 – Justinian becomes emperor of Eastern Roman Empire 988- Vladimir accepts Eastern Orthodox Christianity for himself and his people. 590-604 Pope Gregory I strengthens the power of the papacy. 800-900 feudalism emerges & lasts for 400 years 200’s – Germanic people move into Roman territory 987- Capet, the first French king 500-1000 Early Middle Ages 532- Constantinople rebuilt by Justinian By 500, the Western Roman Empire was ruled by German kings. Also, Clovis converts to Christianity. 725 – Muslims conquered most of Spain 1867Macedonians begin ruling Byzantine Empire 911 Vikings given Normandy by Frankish ruler Mid 800’s Vikings began to settle areas of Europe 768-814 Charlemagne rules 1180-1223 Philip II Augustus empowers Fr 1169- Kiev, the 1st Russian state, falls 1066 Battle of Hastings 1054- Pope Leo IX & Patriarch Cerularius excommunicate each other 1095- Pope Urban II urges Christians to take up arms in a holy war 1453- end of the Byzantine Empire; Ottoman Turks conquer Byzantine Empire 1337-1453 Hundred Years War 1305-1377 The Pope lives in Avignon, France. 1400’s – the Church has lost most of its power 1187- Jerusalem falls to the Muslims, Second Crusade 1492 Jews expell ed from Spain 1000-1300 High Middle Ages 1000-1200 the Crusades; 1000-1300 population doubles 1081- the end of Macedonian rule of Byzantine Empire 1099- Christians win Jerusalem in the First Crusade 1122Concordant of Worms 1154-1189 Henry II increases power of monarchy & sets up jury 1199- Pope Innocent III starts 4th Crusade 1215 Magna Carta signed by King John 1212- the Children’s Crusade 1204Constantinople sacked 13471351 Black Death 1378-1417 Europe split between the popes of Rome and Avignon. 1300’s- Public baths close due to plague. 1429 Joan of Arc helps France 1485 Tudor Dynasty begins