* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Introduction to Nanoelectronics Marc Baldo MIT OpenCourseWare Publication May 2011
Aharonov–Bohm effect wikipedia , lookup
Scalar field theory wikipedia , lookup
Renormalization wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Renormalization group wikipedia , lookup
Bell test experiments wikipedia , lookup
Atomic theory wikipedia , lookup
Quantum dot cellular automaton wikipedia , lookup
Quantum decoherence wikipedia , lookup
Electron configuration wikipedia , lookup
Franck–Condon principle wikipedia , lookup
Atomic orbital wikipedia , lookup
Density matrix wikipedia , lookup
Delayed choice quantum eraser wikipedia , lookup
Basil Hiley wikipedia , lookup
Probability amplitude wikipedia , lookup
Matter wave wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
Double-slit experiment wikipedia , lookup
Relativistic quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Measurement in quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Bohr–Einstein debates wikipedia , lookup
Quantum electrodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Coherent states wikipedia , lookup
Quantum field theory wikipedia , lookup
Particle in a box wikipedia , lookup
Quantum dot wikipedia , lookup
Quantum entanglement wikipedia , lookup
Bell's theorem wikipedia , lookup
Path integral formulation wikipedia , lookup
Copenhagen interpretation wikipedia , lookup
Quantum fiction wikipedia , lookup
Orchestrated objective reduction wikipedia , lookup
Many-worlds interpretation wikipedia , lookup
Quantum computing wikipedia , lookup
Symmetry in quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
History of quantum field theory wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen atom wikipedia , lookup
Quantum machine learning wikipedia , lookup
Quantum group wikipedia , lookup
Quantum teleportation wikipedia , lookup
Quantum key distribution wikipedia , lookup
EPR paradox wikipedia , lookup
Interpretations of quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Canonical quantization wikipedia , lookup
Quantum state wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to Nanoelectronics v E u E F+ 1 2 Fmp lex pla n e x kz - Co + V=(1-2)/q 3 Energy/ 2 1 A AB AB 0 -1 -2 B -3 -/a0 -/2a0 ky /2a0 0 /2a0 0 /a0 -/a0 -/2a0 /a0 kx Marc Baldo MIT OpenCourseWare Publication May 2011 © Copyright by Marc Baldo, 2011. A 2 Introduction to Nanoelectronics Preface to the OpenCourseWare publication About eight years ago, when I was just starting at MIT, I had the opportunity to attend a workshop on nanoscale devices and molecular electronics. In particular, I remember a presentation by Supriyo Datta from Purdue. He was describing electronic devices from the „bottom up‟ – starting with quantum mechanical descriptions of atoms and molecules, and ending up with device-scale current-voltage characteristics. Although I did not understand the details at the time, it was clear to me that this approach promised a new approach to teaching electronic devices to undergraduates. Building from a few basic concepts in quantum mechanics, and a reliance on electric potentials rather than fields, I believe that the „bottom up‟ approach is simpler and more insightful than conventional approaches to teaching electronic transport. After five years of teaching the material, it is still remarkable to me that one can derive the current-voltage characteristics of a ballistic nanowire field effect transistor within a 45 minute lecture. This collection of class notes is my attempt to adapt the „bottom up‟ approach to an undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum. It can serve several roles. For most seniors, the class is intended to provide a thorough analysis of ballistic transistors within a broader summary of the most important device issues in computation. But for those intending to specialize in electronic devices, the class is designed as an introduction to dedicated courses on quantum mechanics, solid state physics, as well as more comprehensive treatments of quantum transport such as those by Supriyo Datta himself. I can recommend both his books1,2, and the „nanohub‟ at Purdue University: http://nanohub.org/topics/ElectronicsFromTheBottomUp. The notes are designed to be self contained. In particular, this class is taught without requiring prior knowledge of quantum mechanics, although I do prefer that the students have prior knowledge of Fourier transforms. Finally, I decided to share these notes on MIT‟s OpenCourseWare with the expectation of collaboration. The „bottom up‟ approach is still relatively novel, and these notes remain largely unpolished, with substantial opportunities for improvement! For those needing to teach a similar topic, I hope that it provides a useful resource, and that in return you can share with me suggestions, corrections and improvements. Marc Baldo May 2010, Cambridge, MA 1. 2. Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems, Supriyo Datta, Cambridge University Press, 1995 Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, Supriyo Datta, Cambridge University Press, 2005 3 Acknowledgements These notes draws heavily on prior work by Supriyo Datta, „Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems‟, Cambridge University Press, 1995 and „Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor‟, Cambridge University Press, 2005. I have also made multiple references to the third edition of „Molecular Quantum Mechanics‟ by Atkins and Friedman, Oxford University Press, 1997. I would also like to thank Terry Orlando, Phil Reusswig, Priya Jadhav, Jiye Lee, and Benjie Limketkai for helping me teach the class over the years. My work is dedicated to Suzanne, Adelie, Esme, and Jonathan. 4 Introduction to Nanoelectronics Contents Introduction 6 Part 1. The Quantum Particle 13 Part 2. The Quantum Particle in a Box 52 Part 3. Two Terminal Quantum Dot Devices 76 Part 4. Two Terminal Quantum Wire Devices 114 Part 5. Field Effect Transistors 139 Part 6. The Electronic Structure of Materials 170 Part 7. Fundamental Limits in Computation 216 Part 8. References 238 Appendix 1. Electron Wavepacket Propagation 239 Appendix 2. The hydrogen atom 251 Appendix 3. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation 253 Appendix 4. Hybrid Orbitals 254 5 MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 6.701 / 6.719 Introduction . to Nanoelectronics�� Spring 2010 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.