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Chapter 11 Islam Spreads Maps and Charts 1 Muhammad died – no successor Followers chose Abu Bakr – his father-in-law over Ali his cousin and son-in-law – caliph (would cause conflict later) Under Abu, Arabs spread Islam and defeated Byzantium army at Syria – Jihad – “struggle for God” Abu Bakr had little control over military commanders of the clans The Bedouin clans were more interested in “Booty” (that’s money y’all!) than spreading the Islamic faith The Byzantine and Persian (Sasanian) Empires were weak against the Arab invasions Bakr dies – once again no successors st 1 4 caliphs were assassinated – rd Uthman (3 Caliph) st was the 1 Umayyad caliph Abu caliph was Ali – Muhammad’s son-inlaw (ruled for 5 years), but Umayyads were upset that Ali did not avenge Uthman’s murder. 4th Umayyad Clan vs. Ali and his ally clan. Umayyads proclaim Mu’awiya as Caliph Ali is assassinated, and leaves Mu’awiya as Caliph Husayn (Ali’s son) – Karbala – last struggle against Umayyads Islam splits Shiite – only accept rulers who are descendants of Ali (supporters of Ali) Sunni – accepted the Umayyads as rulers Still source of conflict and division today! Empire TimeLine Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) – split of Islam Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) The Umayyads Matched the size of the Roman Empire Fastest growing Empire Moved capital from Medina to Damascus in Syria. Built bureaucracy Empire was Arab conquest state Only Muslim Arabs were first class citizens Discouraged inter-marriage (tax reasons; didn’t work) Mawali – Muslim converts in conquered areas (still had to pay taxes) Dhimmis (“people of the book”) – Arabs tolerated other religions Few people would be converted during the Umayyad Dynasty Who Resented the Umayyads? Muslim faithfuls who resented Umayyad’s corruptness Warriors – did not receive share in the booty (it went directly to royal treasury) party – led by al-Abbas (descendents of Muhammad’s uncle) Shi’ites Mawali Abbasid The Fall of the Umayyad Persia and Iraq fell to rebels Then Syria and Damascus Rebels eliminated the Umayyad family Abbasid Dynasty – 750 to 1258 B/c of Umayyad’s corruption, Abu alAbbas overthrew them Built new capital Baghdad On a piece of paper, draw a Venn Diagram like the one below: Sunni Shiite Pg. 257-258 *Who were the Sufi?