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Islamic Expansion A. Orthodox Caliphs 632-661 1. Abu Bakr = Muhammad’s father-in-law was chosen to be successor/ called caliph = successor to Muhammad 2. Omar 3. Uthman 4. Ali B. Umayyad 661-750 • In 661, general Mu’awiyah became caliph/ was rival of Ali • moved capital from Medina to Damascus • Made the office of caliph hereditary • 8th century Arabs conquered coast of North Africa and Spain • Internal revolts led to split within Islam- sunnis and shias C. Abbasid 750-1258 • In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty & founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258 • New capital in Baghdad • Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/ known for charity and patronage • Invasion by Mongols in 1258 D. Seljuk Turks • Abbasids created a strong army by non-native soldiers = Seljuk Turks • Seljuk Turks = nomadic people from central Asia, converted to Islam • Took over much of Abbasid empire & captured Baghdad (1055) Islamic Civilization • generally prosperous • Trade began to prosper during Abassid dynasty • Large magnificent cities began to prosper……..Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba • Palace & mosques = most impressive buildings • Fountains, public baths, bazaars Islamic Society • Muslims live their lives in accordance with Allah’s teachings revealed in the Quran • Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah • Slaves were not considered equal/Muslims could not be slaves/ Slaves came from south Africa or Asia, mostly captives of war/treated pretty well, many were set free • Women were not treated equal