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The Spread and Impact of Islam
Chapter 9, Section 2: The Arab Empire and the Caliphates
Introduction
• Please read “The Life of Muhammad” on pages 175 to 176
in the textbook and answer the following:
• In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 men. What
was his status at this important time?
• Brainstorming: Muhammad died two years after returning to
Mecca. What might have happened in the Arab world after his
death?
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Spread of Islam (600-1400)
• Byzantine Empire
(last remnants of the
Roman Empire) 
• Islam began in the
Arabian Peninsula.
Where did Islam
spread?
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Important Questions:
1. What was the concern following Muhammad’s death?
Muhammad had no son or successor, so who should lead after Muhammad?
2. What is a caliph?
successor to Muhammad. Religious and political leader of Islam
3. Explain what caused the split of Islam into two major groups. What groups
formed? What are their beliefs in regards to the caliph?
Conflicts between Arab and Non-Arab regions of the Umayyad dynasty. Shia = believe only descendants of Ali are the true
rulers of Islam; Sunni = any important Muslim figure can be elected as caliph
4. What was so impactful about the decline of the Abbasid dynasty on the
Empire?
Muslim Empire now became politically divided
5. What connection did the Seljuk Turks have with the Abbasid dynasty?
Seljuk Turks essentially took military and political control over the Abbasid dynasty and
Arab Empire but let the Caliph keep control over the religious authority (basically kept the
caliph has a “figure head” but nothing more)
Pre-Umayyad caliphs (632- Umayyad dynasty (661661)
750)
Important Abu Bakr -Muhammad’s Mu’awiyah – military
father in law
general during previous
leaders
Ali -Muhammad’s son- dynasty. Governor of
in-law
Syria. Chief rival of Ali
Expansion
/ Losses of
Territory
Major/signific
ant events,
political
changes/prac
tices, issues
Abbasid dynasty (7501258)
control during Abbasid dynasty)
Abbul al-Abbas –
Sultan Toghril Begdescendant of Muhammad’s
“holder of power” for the
uncle
Seljuk Turks
Harun al-Rashid – known for
charity, and support of the
arts; “golden age”
Occupied Most of Spain
In 1055, Sultan Beg conquered
Baghdad
after the Battle of Tours in
Gaul
Gradually moved into Iran and
Armenia
of the old Roman Empire
By the 11th cent, took over the
eastern portion of the Abbasid
dynasty
They took control of the
Rules of some of the
Byzantine province of Syria Then, driven away from Spain provinces (Spain,
Conquered Egypt and
other areas of Northern
Africa, and later the entire
Persian Empire
Seljuk Turks (establishing
Morocco, and Egypt)
broke away and
Conquered southern and
established
eastern Mediterranean parts independent dynasties
Muslim leaders of new
All Muslims could hold civil
Byzantine and Persian Muslims
territories sometimes let local
and military office
resented province
officials to continue to rule
administrators favoring Arab
Tried to break down
Muslims
Established the caliphate
distinction between Arab and
Non-Arab Muslims
Financial troubles and the
Jews and Christians were
After their takeover of
Baghdad, they let the Abbasid
caliph keep religious authority
But the Turks held the real
military and political power