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The Spread and Impact of Islam Chapter 9, Section 2: The Arab Empire and the Caliphates Introduction • Please read “The Life of Muhammad” on pages 175 to 176 in the textbook and answer the following: • In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 men. What was his status at this important time? • Brainstorming: Muhammad died two years after returning to Mecca. What might have happened in the Arab world after his death? https://connected.mcgrawhill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50000076/86/41/WHG_TC_C09_L2_pj01/network_frame.html?mghCourseID=SXPHZCBJ42S19C7VB8R3 49B5VM Spread of Islam (600-1400) • Byzantine Empire (last remnants of the Roman Empire) • Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula. Where did Islam spread? https://connected.mcgrawhill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50 000072/79/70/WHG_SC_C09_L2_m01/index.html?mghCourse ID=SXPHZCBJ42S19C7VB8R349B5VM Important Questions: 1. What was the concern following Muhammad’s death? Muhammad had no son or successor, so who should lead after Muhammad? 2. What is a caliph? successor to Muhammad. Religious and political leader of Islam 3. Explain what caused the split of Islam into two major groups. What groups formed? What are their beliefs in regards to the caliph? Conflicts between Arab and Non-Arab regions of the Umayyad dynasty. Shia = believe only descendants of Ali are the true rulers of Islam; Sunni = any important Muslim figure can be elected as caliph 4. What was so impactful about the decline of the Abbasid dynasty on the Empire? Muslim Empire now became politically divided 5. What connection did the Seljuk Turks have with the Abbasid dynasty? Seljuk Turks essentially took military and political control over the Abbasid dynasty and Arab Empire but let the Caliph keep control over the religious authority (basically kept the caliph has a “figure head” but nothing more) Pre-Umayyad caliphs (632- Umayyad dynasty (661661) 750) Important Abu Bakr -Muhammad’s Mu’awiyah – military father in law general during previous leaders Ali -Muhammad’s son- dynasty. Governor of in-law Syria. Chief rival of Ali Expansion / Losses of Territory Major/signific ant events, political changes/prac tices, issues Abbasid dynasty (7501258) control during Abbasid dynasty) Abbul al-Abbas – Sultan Toghril Begdescendant of Muhammad’s “holder of power” for the uncle Seljuk Turks Harun al-Rashid – known for charity, and support of the arts; “golden age” Occupied Most of Spain In 1055, Sultan Beg conquered Baghdad after the Battle of Tours in Gaul Gradually moved into Iran and Armenia of the old Roman Empire By the 11th cent, took over the eastern portion of the Abbasid dynasty They took control of the Rules of some of the Byzantine province of Syria Then, driven away from Spain provinces (Spain, Conquered Egypt and other areas of Northern Africa, and later the entire Persian Empire Seljuk Turks (establishing Morocco, and Egypt) broke away and Conquered southern and established eastern Mediterranean parts independent dynasties Muslim leaders of new All Muslims could hold civil Byzantine and Persian Muslims territories sometimes let local and military office resented province officials to continue to rule administrators favoring Arab Tried to break down Muslims Established the caliphate distinction between Arab and Non-Arab Muslims Financial troubles and the Jews and Christians were After their takeover of Baghdad, they let the Abbasid caliph keep religious authority But the Turks held the real military and political power