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Chap 13 Pt 2 Islam’s Expansion The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) • From Meccan merchant class • Brought stability to the Islamic community • Capital: Damascus, Syria • Associated with Arab military aristocracy Policy toward Conquered Peoples • Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent • Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims • Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) • Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims • Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia • Defeats Umayyad army in 750 – Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them • Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) • Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion • Content to administer the empire inherited • Dar al-Islam – House of Islam – Muslim lands • Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces Abbasid Administration (a.k.a.?) • Persian influence • Court at Baghdad • Influence of Islamic scholars • Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia • Define? Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) • High point of Abbasid dynasty • Baghdad center of commerce • Great cultural activity Abbasid Decline (Similar, different than other empires?) • Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid • Provincial governors assert regional independence • Dissenting sects, heretical movements • Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility • Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne Economy of the Early Islamic World • Spread of food and industrial crops – Trade routes from India to Spain • Western diet adapts to wide variety • New crops adapted to different growing seasons – Agricultural sciences develop – Cotton, paper industries develop • Major cities emerge Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Historical precedent of Arabic trade • Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes – ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century • Camel caravans • Maritime trade Banking and Trade • Scale of trade causes banks to develop – Sakk (“check”) • Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes OR inhibits trade? • Joint ventures common • WHY? Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) • Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8th c. • Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty – Formed own caliphate – Tensions, but interrelationship Changing Status of Women • Quran improves status of women – Outlawed female infanticide – Brides, not husbands, claim dowries • Yet male dominance preserved – Patrilineal descent – Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden – DEFINE? – Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition • Islamic values – Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam – Establishment of madrasas – Importance of the Hajj • Sufi missionaries – Asceticism, mysticism – Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians – Wide popularity Heading? Al-Ghazali (10581111) • Major Sufi thinker from Persia • Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead • Cultural influences on Islam • Persia – Administration and governance – literature • India – Mathematics, science, medicine • “Hindi” numbers • Greece – Philosophy, esp. Aristotle – Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)