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The Expansive Realm of Islam Chapter 14 Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation • Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca • Orphaned as a child • Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant • Visions c. 610 CE • Archangel Gabriel • Monotheism • Attracts followers to Mecca The Hijra • Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans • Economic threat to existing religious industry • Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE – Year 0 in Muslim calendar • Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) • Legal, spiritual code • Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma Muhammad’s Return to Mecca • Return to Mecca, 630 CE • Conversion of Mecca to Islam • Replaced pagan sites with mosques – Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca – Approved as pilgrimage site The Ka'aba The Quran • Record of revelations received during visions • Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632) Five Pillars of Islam • One – Make a declaration of the faith • Two – Daily Prayer facing Mecca – Many pray in Mosques or houses of worship • Three – Charity for the poor • Four – Fasting during Ramadan • Five – Pilgrimage to Mecca known as the Hajj Elements of the Faith • Sharia: Islamic Holy Law – Codification of Islamic law – Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis – Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity • Jihad: “struggle” – Against vice – Against ignorance of Islam Expansion of Islam • Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sassanid territories – Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory • Dar al-Islam – Lands under Islamic rule Expansion of Islam Sunni/Shia/Sufi • Sunni • Abu Bakr • Considered Traditionalists for accepting early Caliphs • Umayyad were Sunni • Shia • Sufi • Ali missionaries • Remaining – Asceticism, followers mysticism organize – Some tension separate party with orthodox called “Shia” Islamic • Served as caliph theologians 656-661 CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) • • • • From Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent • Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims • Tax on non-Muslims • Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) • Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims • Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia • Defeats Umayyad army in 750 • Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) • Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion • Dar al-Islam • Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) • • • • Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi) Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE) – High point of Abbasid dynasty – Baghdad center of commerce – Great cultural activity Abbasid Decline • Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid • Provincial governors assert regional independence • Dissenting sects, heretical movements • Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility • Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne Economy of Early Islamic World • Spread of food and industrial crops – Trade routes from India to Spain • Western diet adapts to wide variety • New crops adapted to different growing seasons – Agricultural sciences develop – Cotton, paper industries develop • Major cities emerge Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone • Historical precedent of Arabic trade • Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes – ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th century • Camel caravans • Maritime trade Banking and Trade • Scale of trade causes banks to develop – Sakk (“check”) • Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar alIslam promotes trade • Joint ventures common Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) • Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8th c. • Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty – Formed own caliphate – Tensions, but interrelationship Cultural influences on Islam • Persia – Administration and governance – literature • India – Mathematics, science, medicine • “Hindi” numbers • Greece – Philosophy, esp. Aristotle – Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)