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Introduction of Biotechnology
Pre-AP Biology
Bellwork
• What does Biotechnology mean to you?
• Do you know of any products that were
produced by Biotechnology?
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Objectives
• Define Biotechnology
• Define restriction enzyme
• Explain how restriction enzymes work
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Terminology
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Restriction enzyme
Restriction site
Palindrome sequence
Sticky end
Blunt end
Restriction fragments
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Definition of Biotechnology
• The study and manipulation of living things
for the purpose of making products that
benefit society
Think-Pair-Share
On the following slide you will watch a
video describing advances in
Biotechnology. While you are
watching the video, write down some
key products produced by this
industry.
Be ready to share
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Biotechnology Video
• Biotechnology: A New Frontier
Significance of Basic Molecular Biology
• Discovery of DNA as the genetic code
• Understanding the processes involved in going
from DNARNAProtein
• Allowed us to develop molecular tools for
manipulating DNA for advancements in
▫ medical science
▫ Agriculture
▫ food industry
As Biotechnology developed, several
molecular tools were created
• Two main tools are
▫ Restriction enzymes
▫ Agarose gel electrophoresis
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Introductory Activity
• Read excerpt and underline the letters
to every time it appears in the text.
• Draw a vertical line after the t.
• The vertical line represents a cut site.
• If you were to cut at that cut site with
scissors, how many text fragments would
you have? Write the number in the
designated spot on the note-taker.
Restriction Enzymes
• Cut at specific sites
along the DNA
• Each enzyme
recognizes a unique
cut site
• Reflect: How are
restriction enzymes
like the scissors in the
introductory activity?
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Where are restriction enzymes found
in nature?
• Proteins found in
bacteria
• Protect bacteria
against DNA from
invading organisms
including viruses or
other bacteria
• Protect the bacteria
by cutting the foreign
DNA
http://www.visualphotos.com/photo/1x3747422/e_coli_bact
erium
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Characteristics of the Restriction Site
• Four to six nucleotides in
length
• Symmetrical
5’
3’
▫ meaning the sequence for
both strands are the same 3’
when read in 5’ to 3’
direction
5’
• Palindromic Sequence
▫ Due to symmetry
http://www.macroevolution.net/images/ecori-restriction-enzyme-recognitionsite.svg.png
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Two Types of Cut Sites
• Blunt End
• restriction enzyme
cuts the two
strands of DNA
such that the ends
are even across
both strands
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/enzymes/smacut.gif
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Two types of Cut Sites
• Sticky Ends
• restriction enzyme
cuts the two strands
in a staggered way
• This results in one
end of DNA being
single-stranded and
overhangs the other
strand
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0118084/GM/Gene_splicing/Restriction_Enzyme
s.htm
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Restriction Fragment
• DNA after cut with restriction enzymes
• Fragments created differ in size depending
on where the restriction site is located
• The size of the fragment is defined by the
number of paired nucleotides along the
fragment
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Determination of Fragment Size
• Can be determined by conducting agarose gel
electrophoresis
▫ Compare the DNA Fragments to known standards after they
migrate in the gel under an electrical current and are stained.
▫ What is the size of fragment in lane 2?
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In 20 words or less,
summarize the most
important aspects from
today's lesson.
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