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1
• What nationality was Louis Pasteur?
• Name one thing that he did that was important.
• Why is Antony van Leeuwenhoek important to
microbiology?
2
• What is the name of the Austrian physician who
showed that when physicians washed their hands
before delivering babies the mothers did not get
infected and die (nearly so often)?
• We often keep track of the history of the world by
its wars. What war occurred during the period
associated with “the golden age of Microbiology”?
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• A ______________ is made up of two or more
atoms joined together by covalent bonds.
• A solution with a pH of 5 is how many times more
acidic than a solution of pH 7?
• A ____________ is a large molecule made up of
many similar or identical subunits.
• Water molecules associate with each other because
they are held together by ___________ bonds.
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• Diffusion of molecules from a high concentration to
a low concentration occurs because of which law of
thermodynamics?
• The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane such as a cell membrane is called _____.
• Name one molecule (other than water) that can
diffuse unaided through a biological membrane.
• Name one molecule that can’t.
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• What part of a microscope focuses light but does not
magnify?
• The difference between light and dark areas in some
being viewed is called___________.
• The ability to distinguish two points as being
separate from each is called____________.
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• A biological membrane is comprised of two types of
molecules, ______ and _______.
• Peptidoglycan is made of long chains of two
monomers, ______ and ______, and is crosslinked
together by _____ ______.
• A bacterium placed in a very salty solution has been
put into a hypo/iso/hyper tonic environment
(compared to the cell)?
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• Remembering the magnification power of most
ocular lenses, the total magnification achieved when
viewing an object with the 4x objective lens is ____.
• A Gram positive bacterium will NOT be composed
of which one of the following macromolecules?
A. protein b. peptidoglycan c. lipopolysaccharide
d. phospholipid
e. teichoic acid
• With electron microscopy, a periplasmic space is
visible in Gram positive/ Gram negative bacteria.
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• In Gram negative bacteria, a lipoprotein helps to
attach the outer membrane to what structure?
• The outer membrane contains transport proteins
made of 3 subunits that are called _______.
• The part of lipopolysaccharide that makes up the
outer leaflet of the outer membrane is called ______.
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• What are the 3 domains of living things?
• What organisms can reproduce and cause disease
but aren’t considered alive?
Why aren’t they considered alive?
• A nanometer is how much smaller than a
micrometer?
10
• Put these in order of size from smallest to largest:
E. coli; liver cell; protein; glucose; ribosome
• “Daltons” is equivalent to what other units?
• The type of microscopy we use in class where
objects look dark against a bright background is
called _________.
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• Name 3 critical components that we find in all types
of cells.
• What ion is accumulated by all types of cells?
• You are viewing a bacterium under the microscope
and it is 3 micrometers long. Would you be
surprised?
• If you are viewing this bacterium using the 100x
objectives, how big will it appear to be?
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• Bacteria with a thick layer of peptidoglycan in the
cell wall usually appear as what color in a Gram
stain?
• What more familiar molecule does teichoic acid
most closely resemble?
• Name 3 advantages of having a capsule or slime
layer.
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• Identify what type of molecule makes up each:
slime layer
S layer
fimbria
flagellum
plasmid
• What is the purpose of inclusions in bacterial cells?
• Structure that help a bacterium respond to a
magnetic field are called ________.
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• The molecule an enzyme acts on is called the _____.
• Name two characteristics of any catalyst.
• Why does a bacterium need so many genes?
• How does a competitive inhibitor work?
• How does an allosteric inhibitor work?
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• Give an example of an organic enzyme cofactor and
an inorganic one.
• Why do reversible reactions that take place in a cell
go in the direction that they do?
• Define the following:
anabolism; catabolism; chemoorganotroph;
chemolithotroph; heterotroph; autotroph;
phototroph;
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• The molecule that serves as electron acceptor for
most catabolic redox reactions is ______.
• The molecule that supplies energy to power many
biosynthetic reactions is _______.
• Pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff are
pathways that start with what organic compound?
• Pentose phosphate pathway provides two molecules
useful for biosynthesis, _______ and _______.
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• Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in
aerobic metabolism.
• Describe the primary function of the Krebs Cycle in
anaerobic metabolism.
• Why must the electron transport chain be located in
the cell membrane and not in the cytoplasm?
• Addition of a phosphate group, as in the synthesis of
ATP from ADP, is called _______.
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• In the oxidation of the carbons of glucose to carbon
dioxide in aerobic metabolism, enough electrons are
removed to make about 32 ATP. In fermentation,
only enough oxdiation occurs to make 2 ATP. What
happens to the other electrons?
• Methane (CH4) can serve as an electron acceptor in
anaerobic respiration, true or false?
• What molecule serves as the final electron acceptor
in fermentation?
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• Define facilitated diffusion.
• Group translocation is used to transport what type of
molecule into a bacterium?
• What molecule provides the energy source for group
translocation?
• Describe two “forms of energy” that can be used for
active transport.
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• Name 10 macronutrients.
• A fastidious bacterium generally requires what?
• What type of bacterium would you expect to find
growing in a sewage treatment plant, an oligotroph
or a copiotroph?
• A culture medium containing yeast extract would be
classified as a ______ medium.
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• Name one enzyme known to break down a toxic byproduct of oxygen.
• An alkalophile is an organism that grows best under
what conditions?
• A bacterium that can grow using oxygen or by
fermentation is called a _______ ___________.
• With regard to temperature, a bacterium that causes
an infection in a mammal would be classified as a _
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• How would you classify and organism that grows
well in a desert?
• Where would you find a halophile growing?
• Bacterial growth is defined as an increase in size of
________.
• Define “generation time”.
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• Draw the bacterial growth curve. Correctly label the
axes and label the different phases of growth.
• True or false:
Counting the bacteria under the microscope is a
direct count.
Bacteria counted using the microscope are alive.
• What does “balanced growth” mean?