* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Energy - My CCSD
Survey
Document related concepts
Magnesium in biology wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
Enzyme inhibitor wikipedia , lookup
Metabolic network modelling wikipedia , lookup
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Energy I. Metabolic Pathways A. B. C. D. Energy = the ability to do work Metabolic processes use chemical E (ATP) E released when chemical bonds break (e- pulled apart) Each step is regulated by enzymes II. Enzymes A. = proteins essential for cells to function B. Act as catalysts 1. Speed up reactions without being changed 2. Attach to substrate molecule and weaken it 3. Enzyme is not altered C. Enzymes …. 1. Lower activation energy (= energy that must be added to a reaction to cause molecules to react) 2. Form enzyme-substrate complexes 3. Allow reactions to proceed at certain temperatures and pH D. Every enzyme catalyzes only one reaction or one type of reaction E. Enzymes …. 1. break down toxins (a lot in liver) 2. speed up digestion Catalase III. Factors That Affect Enzyme Speed A. Enzymatic reactions are rapid 1. Most occur 1000 times/sec Ex: 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 (600,000 times/sec with catalase). B. Temperature 1. Increase temp Increase molecular collisions Increase enzyme activity 2. Temp too high (or low?)….. breaks down (denatures) enzyme 3. Human enzymes function best at is 35o-40oC Catalase C. pH 1. Each enzyme has optimal pH 2. Large change in pH may denature the enzyme 3. Optimal in humans pH 6-8 D. Other factors: radiation, electricity, chemicals. I. Photosynthesis and Nature A. Sunlight provides energy to produce carbohydrates. B. Equation: Light 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Chlorophyll C. Autotrophs (make their own food) 1. Algae, plants, some bacteria 2. Ultimate source of food for life 3. Photoautotrophs….. use light energy 4. Chemoautotrophs…… use chemical energy D. Photosynthesis produced the oxygen in the atmosphere of our planet. II. Structures of Photosynthesis A. Chloroplasts 1. = the organelle of Photosynthesis 2. Stroma – fluid-filled inner space 3. Thylakoidsinternal membranes within stroma 4. Organized into stacks called grana. B. Chlorophylls and other pigments are embedded within thylakoid membranes. C. Pigments absorb solar energy. III. Photosynthetic Pigments A. Major pigments are chlorophyll a and b. 1. Both absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best. 2. Most green is reflected back. B. Carotinoids = yellow-orange pigments ; absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions C. In fall, chlorophyll breaks down and the yellow-orange pigments show through. D. Accessory pigments capture light when sun changes positions. IV. Cell Respiration A. Breaks down glucose and builds up ATP. B. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Energy C. Begins in cytoplasm with Glycolysis 1. Turns glucose into pyruvic acid 2. Produces 2ATP D. Fermentation 1. Processes that keep glycolysis going without oxygen 2. Lactic Acid fermentation a) Converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid b) Occurs in muscle cells when oxygen not available; causes pain c) Used by bacteria that make yogurt, cheese, pickles 3. Alcoholic Fermentation a) Converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2 b) Occurs in bacteria and yeasts c) Used to make beer, wine, and bread E. Aerobic Respiration 1. Need Oxygen 2. Energy from Pyruvic Acid is transferred to ATP a) In the Krebs Cycle b) In the Electron Transport Chain 3. Breakdown of glucose yields 36 ATP 4. If O2 is not available to the cell, fermentation occurs. Paper Chromatography