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Biotechnology What is biotechnology? • Biotechnology is formally defined as the science of using living things, and components of living things, to produce goods and services. • It involves manipulating and modifying organisms, often at the molecular level, to create new and practical applications for agriculture, medicine and industry. It isn’t new • It is not new…Bread, fermented beverages and cheese are all products of biotechnology that have been around for thousands of years. • Even selecting the best crops to plant can be considered an application of biotechnology. Yeast and bacteria • Bread, alcohol, yogurt and cheese all involve the action of microorganism in their creation. • Bread and alcohol use yeast, while yogurt use bacteria. • Cheese is made using an enzyme called Rennin. Some cheese also contains molds. Modern biotechnology • Modern biotechnology generally refers to alterations carried out on the cell or molecular level. • This new field of science began in the late 1970’s. Bacteria gene splicing • With an increased knowledge of genetics, scientists have been able to isolate individual genes on chromosomes. • Using substances called restriction enzymes, geneticists have been able to cut out desired genes. • They are then able to insert these desirable genes into a different organism. What are restriction enzymes? • These enzymes were discovered in bacteria. • Each restriction enzyme recognizes a certain DNA sequence, and cuts it. • For example: A restriction enzyme may recognize the sequence, “TTGG”. • Everytime this “enzyme” sees this sequence, it cuts the strand between the T and the G • This action turns a long strand of DNA into several smaller strands. Example • CGTTGGATTACATTGGCCGATATTGGAC • If this strand is treated with our restriction enzyme that recognizes TTGG we would wind up with this. • CGTT GGATTACATT GGCCGATATT GGAC • Instead of one long strand, we know have 4 shorter strands. Applications • Geneticists can now use restriction enzymes to cut out useful genes and then insert them into another organisms DNA. • The human gene for insulin can be cut out of the healthy cell and “spliced” the DNA of a bacteria. • This new bacterial DNA is called “recombinant DNA”. • Bacteria with recombinant DNA will now be able to produce Human insulin. • This processes has saved the lives of literally millions of people suffering from diabetes. Other applications • Gene splicing has recreated recombinant DNA in many species. • Some plants have been genetically altered to be pest and frost resistant. • Scientists have also used gene splicing to create new animal genotypes and phenotypes. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0UzdYRn MtY Cloning • Cloning is the creation of an organism that is genetically identical to another organism. • Cloning in plants has been going on for thousands of years. • Many plants make clones of themselves without any human intervention. • In other cases, plants with desirable characteristics were cloned by taking a cutting from that plant and growing a new plant. Animal cloning • First attempted in 1950’s frogs, fish and mice were created. • In these cases the DNA of non-differentiated embryonic cells was removed and placed into an egg cell. • The failure rate was very high. Very few clones were created. • Dolly the sheep was something different. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer • Or SCNT is the process by which the entire nucleus of an adult somatic cell is removed and placed into an egg cell that has its nucleus removed. • This is the process used to create Dolly. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3TFF 6Gbx8tk Ethics and cloning. • Since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1998, many other mammals have been cloned in this manner. • Cat and Dog owners have paid tens of thousands of dollars to create clones of their beloved pets. • The technology exists so what about cloning humans? Human cloning • There are two main branches to consider. • Theraputic cloning would involve the cloning of human cells for medical purposes. • This type of cloning could lead to the treatment of such diseases as cancer and diabetes. Reproductive cloning • In this type of cloning an entire human being would be cloned creating a new individual. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tbxN5uwa qA • Can you think of arguments for human reproductive cloning? • Can you think of arguments against human reproductive cloning?