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Ecology Ecology • Ecology-study of the interactions among organisms and other organisms, their environment (surroundings) – – – – Biosphere-Portions of the planet in which life exists Lithosphere (geosphere)-rocks, minerals, soil, deposits Atmosphere-any of the gaseous layer of our Earth Hydrosphere-Water in any form, groundwater, surface water, oceans – Anthroposphere-human impact upon the Earth, pollution Spheres • Geosphere (Lithosphere) – Examples – Interactions • Hydrosphere – Examples – Interactions • Atmosphere – Examples – Interactions • Biosphere – Examples – Interactions Levels of Organization Important in Environmental Science • • • • • • • • • Virus Atoms Tissue Ecosystem Prokaryotic/Organelles Biosphere Earth Planet Molecules/Compounds Quarks, Lepton, Neutrinos • • • • • • • • • Populations Eukaryotic Organ Systems Community Organs Eukaryotic Cells Organisms / species Biomes Electrons, Protons/Neutrons Organization • Quarks, Leptron, Neutrinos • Electrons • Proton, Neutrons • Atoms • Molecules, compounds • Virus • Prokaryotic cells /Organelles • Eukaryotic cells • Tissue • Organs • Organ Systems Species/Organism Ecosystem Planet Population Biomes Solar System Community Biosphere Galaxy Universe Ecological Method • Observing-Recording information and data – Reimenschneider, Road Kill: Grandpa/Diary: Diamondback Terrapins • Experimenting-Testing hypothesis, – Six legged frogs – LD-50, concentration, exposure • Modeling-Setting up models, computers or simulations, using data or observations – “Day After Tomorrow” scenario Autotrophs Producers Heterotrophs, Consumers Producers Photosynthetic -Plants -Bacteria -Algae Chemosynthetic Consumers Primary consumers, Herbivores Secondary consumers, Omnivores Tertiary consumers, Carnivores Parasites Decomposers, Detritus feeders Decomposers Saprophytes Detritovores Autotrophs-Makes their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients and environmental Energy sources Producers Photosynthetic Plants Photosynthetic Bacteria Chemosynthetic Bacteria Hetertrophs-Must feed on organic matter for energy Consumers Primary Consumers Herbivores Decomposers Detritus Feeders Decomposers Omnivores Secondary Consumers Carnivores Parasites Detritus Feeders Autotrophs-Makes their own organic matter from inorganic Hetertrophs-Must feed on organic matter for en trients and environmental Energy sources Producers Decomposers Consumers Detritus Feeders Photosynthetic Plants, Tulips, Oak, Grass, Photosynthetic Bacteria Nostoc Chemosynthetic Bacteria E.Coli, Primary Consumers Herbivores, Cows, Mice Decomposers Omnivores Bears, Bacteria, Fungi Humans, Pig, fish, birds Secondary Consumers Carnivores, Wolves, Detritus Feeders Earthworms, Beetles Parasites Tapeworms, Malaria, roundworms Energy Flow • The Ultimate source of energy on Earth is the SUN. • Autotroph-Organisms that use energy from the environment to fuel assembly of complex compounds • Producers Organisms that makes their own energy – Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar energy into carbohydrates. – Chemosynthesis conversion of the energy stored in inorganic compounds Imagine • 2 liters of water is all the sunshine an area gets • 1-2% Passed to Producers(100 ml) • 10 % of that energy is passed to the Herbivores, or 1st order consumers • 10 % of that energy is passed to the Omnivores, or 2nd order consumers • 10 % of that energy is passed to the carnivores, or 3rd order consumers. • Compare this to a Pyramid, shape and what happens at each level. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis-conversion of solar energy into carbohydrates • Chlorophyll in chloroplasts • Plants, algae, bacteria • 6CO2 + 12H2O (chlorophyll sunlight) -> C6H1206 +6 O2 + 6H20 Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Light Water CO2 O2 Sugars Respiration • The process of cells using glucose to produce Energy and CO2 • In higher organisms the Mitochondria is the site of oxidation/reduction reactions • The energy of the glucose is converted into chemical bonds in Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). • Overall formula C6H12O6 + O2 Mitochondria -> CO2 + H2O+ Energy Chemosynthesis • Chemosynthesis-Organisms that convert bond energy into complex molecules (carbohydrates) • Bacteria convert Iron into Iron oxide (rust) Consumers / Heterotroph • Heterotrophs, Consumers-organisms that must intake food • Herbivores-Primary Consumers-organisms that only eat plants • Carnivores-Second or Third Order Consumers, organisms that only eat meat • Omnivores-all eaters • Detritovores-organisms that eat dead or decaying material, earthworms • Decomposers- Organisms that break down dead or decayiong material • Saprophyte-organism that breaks down dead organisms, or decaying material Energy Examples • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.Decomposers2.Producer 3.Heterotrophs, 4.Detritovores5.Herbivores6.Carnivores7.Omnivores8.Second or Third Order Consumers 9.Consumers10.Autotroph 11.Primary Consumer 12.Saprophyte- Energy Definitions • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.Decomposers2.Producer 3.Heterotrophs, 4.Detritovores5.Herbivores6.Carnivores7.Omnivores8.Second or Third Order Consumers 9.Consumers10.Autotroph 11.Primary Consumer 12.Saprophyte- Relationships • Symbiosis 2 organisms living together – – – – – Parasite / Host / Vector (+, -, 0) Mutualism (+ +) Commensalism (+ 0) Amensalism (0 0) Scavenger-Animal that eats dead or dying organisms – Predator / prey (+ -) Relationships • Commensalism • Mutualism • Parasitism • Predator/prey • • • • • • • • • Tapeworms/humans Termites /flagellates Remora/sharks Lynx/hare Flea/dog Lichen Bees/Apple trees Moose/wolves E.coli/humans Energy Consumed Heat Energy for Digested Metabolism Wastes Growth, Repair Undigested Wastes Not Consumed Consumed-eaten Digested-broken down Not consumed-bones, hooves, hair Undigested-excreted Wastes-spit, bile, biliverden Feeding Relationships • Food Chains-a simple link of producer to consumer. A relative list of who eats who • Food Webs-Food chains put together • Trophic Levels-Consumers that are eaten by other consumers and the levels they occupy in a food web Food Web Snake Bird Frog Grasshopper Grass Decomposers 1.How many Food chains are in the food web? 2.What organism is an herbivore? 3.What organism is an autotroph? 4.What organism is a third order heterotroph? 5.Which organisms belong to more than one food chain? 6.Which organism is an omnivore? 7.Which organism belongs to more than one trophic level? 8.What are decomposers? 9.What does a pyremid of energy show about the amount of energy available at different levels? 10.Why do different trophic levels have different amounts of energy? Food Web Snake Bird Frog Grasshopper Grass Decomposers 1.How many Food chains are in the food web? 2.What organism is an herbivore? 3.What organism is an autotroph? 4.What organism is a third order heterotroph? 5.Which organisms belong to more than one food chain? 6.Which organism is an omnivore? 7.Which organism belongs to more than one trophic level? 8.What are decomposers? 9.What does a pyramid of energy show about the amount of energy available at different levels? 10.Why do different trophic levels have different amounts of energy? Ecological Pyramid • The Pyramid shape is due to the fact that less and less is passed to the next level. • Energy Pyramid-amount of energy in the organisms and how they get their energy • Biomass Pyramid-the dry organic matter • Pyramid numbers-how many organisms are at each level Cycles in Nature • Biogeochemical cycles • The cycles show how materials cycle through our Earth, through living organisms and abiotic factors. • In accordance with the Law of conservation of matter. Matter is not created or destroyed but transfer to another type. Rock Cycle • Rock over time be converted from one type to another. • Igneous-magma as it cools crystallizes, and hardens. • Sedimentary-when sediments collect and harden over time by pressure and heat. • Metamorphic-when a rock is altered by natural processes to form a different type of rock. • Processes – – – – Erosion Heating/cooling Pressure Compaction/cementation Water Cycle • Water is the most important chemical on Earth. • Water has unique properties and is vital for life. Over 70 % of the Earths surface is water. • Processes– – – – Evaporation Condensation Sublimation Transpiration Nutrient Cycles • Nutrients are used to build tissue, and carry out life processes. Vitamin, minerals small amounts needed everyday. • Material is limited in a usable state, and must be recycled, and used again and again. • In a terrestrial ecosystem Nitrates are the limiting factor. • In an aquatic ecosystem, Phosphate are the major limiting factor. Odyssey • X: Limestone ->BurOak (root, flower, acorn)->deer -> Indian -> Soil >Bluestem (root, Leaves) > Deer-Mouse nest -> soil -> sideoats (granma) -> buffalo (chip) -> soil >spiderwort ->rabbit-> owl ->Sporobolus -> FIRE -> Carbon Cycle • Sometimes called a Carbon Oxygen cycle. • Life on Earth is carbon based. • CO2 in the air, CO2 water Nitrogen cycle • Nitrogen is the major limiting factor for terrestrial plants. Up to a point this seems to be the factor that determines if plants reach their maximum potential (maximum size, productivity) • Nitrogen fixation • Denitrofication Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphorous is the major limiting factor for aquatic plants. • Phosphorous has no gas phase.