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Recall: Mitosis Mitosis 3d mitosis Checkpoints in Cell Cycle Proteins monitor the cell activities and its surroundings Proteins nucleus Nucleus send messages to the then tells cell whether or not to divide Reasons for cell not to divide receive signals from surrounding cells not to divide There are not enough nutrients The DNA has not been replicated DNA is damaged It is the cell’s natural (or “programmed”) time to die (we call this process APOPTOSIS and it does not harm our bodies) checkpoints Start in cell division at 4:00 apoptosis It is important that the cells “get the message” not to divide when they shouldn’t, otherwise cell division can get out of control causing… CANCER More than 100 types – Colon cancer – Breast cancer – Skin cancer – Leukemia – Ovarian cancer – Prostate cancer Cancer cells have experienced an alteration in cell’s DNA that prevents the cells from staying in interphase for the normal amount of time (cells divide quickly) cell division in cancer apoptosis and cancer Why cancer is so harmful? 1) the cells invade other parts of the body (this process is called metastasis) Metastasis is responsible for 90% of cancer related deaths Metastasis trip Why cancer is so harmful? 2) since cells continue to divide uncontrollably, they form dense masses called TUMOURS which steal nutrients from the normal healthy cells. Types of tumours –Benign tumours: not “cancerous” cannot metastasize Can still be harmful by crowding/putting pressure on organs/glands, etc (e.g. adenoma in brain pushes against glands that produce hormones) Malignant tumours: Cancerous can metastasize steal nutrients and space from normal cells How cancer develops Causes of cancer Genetic Environmental - `carcinogens` – smoking, radiation, chemicals eg. BPA, etc