* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Characteristics of Cancer Cells
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Endomembrane system wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Characteristics of Cancer Cells - How do they differ from “normal” cells Plasma Membrane Abnormalities • Increase in transport & permeablility • They allow things in and out of the cell that they normally should not • Surface proteins are lost / altered / or new proteins appear Changes in the Cytosol • Cytoskeleton shrinks and / or becomes disorganized • There is a shift in enzyme activity • Example • Reliance on glycolysis although oxygen is present Abnormal Growth & Division • Benign a. Loss of inhibitors to prevent overcrowding in tissues b. Cell population increases at high densities…… tumor c. Proteins form that trigger an increase in blood capillaries that service the growing mass Abnormal Growth & Division • Malignant a. Diminished capacity for adhesion to substrates - Cells aren’t anchored in parent tissue and metasticize….. spread Stages of Cancer • Stage 1 – Initiation • Early genetic changes • Proto oncogenes – • Genes necessary for normal cell function are altered by structure or expression then become…… • Oncogenes – • Any gene having the potential to produce cancer • Genetic changes are causes by – INITIATORS: a substance that starts damage to cells that can lead to cancer (carcinogen) examples – cigarette smoking radiation barbecue meats Stages of Cancer • Stage 2: Promotion • Promoters cause change in “normal” cells already damages by initiators to change to cancer cells • Examples: • environmental pollutants • Alcohol • This stage can take 10-20 years Stages of Cancer • Stages 3 – Progression • Growth of the cancer cells • Metastasis – when the cell leaves its proper space and invades other tissues