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Genes & Chromosomes Chromosome Theory of Heredity The factors (genes) that affect the expression of traits are found on chromosomes. The chromosome theory of heredity states: That genes are located on the chromosome and each gene occupies a specific place on that chromosome. Each chromosome contains just one allele for each of its genes. Crossing-Over Crossing-Over: The exchange of a section of DNA between chromosomes. Recombinants: Individual organism with a new combination of genes due to crossing-over. Mutations Mutation: Change in genetic material. Chromosomal Mutation: Change in number or structure of chromosomes. Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate. Polypoidy: Extra set of chromosomes. Gene Mutation: Change in the nucleotides of DNA. Point mutations: Single nucleotide. Frameshift mutation: The addition or deletion of a base, altering DNA from the point of mutation on. Sex Linkage Discovered by Nettie Stevens. Sex Chromosome: Chromosome that is different in males (XY) and females (XX), determine the sex of an organism. Autosomes: Chromosomes that are the same in males and females. Sex-Linked: Trait that is determined by a gene located on a sex chromosome. Regulation of Gene Expression Incomplete Dominance: Inheritance in which an active allele does not entirely compensate for an inactive allele, results in a mixed phenotype (blended trait). Ex. Red Flower + White Flower = Pink Flower Co-dominance: Condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed. Ex. A person with one blue eye and one green eye. Polygenic Inheritance: A trait that is controlled by a multiple alleles of a genes (3 or more).