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Human Genetics Inheritance in humans Male/female Multiple Alleles Inherited diseases Twins Sex-linked traits Single genes (widows peak) Why is a guy a guy? Color blindness is also Sex-Linked Hemophilia Inheritance in humans A person receives 23 chromosomes from each parent (46 total) 1 gene for each particular trait from each parent Genes combine to determine traits (characteristics) Instruct body cells to make certain chemicals = (proteins) For example: special proteins (enzymes) make pigment in the iris of the eye Multiple alleles Who Has Which Blood Type? TYPES DISTRIBUTION RATIOS O+ 1 person in 3 38.4% O- 1 person in 15 7.7% A+ 1 person in 3 32.3% A- 1 person in 16 6.5% B+ 1 person in 12 9.4% B- 1 person in 67 1.7% AB + 1 person in 29 3.2% AB - 1 person in 167 0.7% Multiple alleles Co-dominant – when 2 different genes are both equally dominant– 4 major blood groups = A, B, AB, O . O is recessive, while A and B are co-dominant Phenotypes vs. Genotypes 4 major blood groups = A, B, AB, O Phenotype Phenotype Phenotype Phenotype A could be Genotype AA or Ao B could be Genotype BB or Bo AB can only be Genotype AB O can only be Genotype oo Allele = each form of a gene Inheritance in humans Some genes (traits) have multiple alleles Skin color has 3 or more Controls amount of melanin (pigment) in the skin cells Any one individual inherits only 2 Genetic disorders Non disjunction = failure of a chromosome pair to separate during meiosis Body cells receive either more or fewer chromosomes than normal May result in certain disorders Down’s Syndrome = body cells have an extra chromosome-21 Trisomy-21 (3 instead of 2) May have various physical problems and some degree of mental retardation Genetic disorders Down’s Syndrome Trisomy-21 A karyotype (page 117)is a picture of all the chromosomes in a dividing cell. amniocentesis Screening for genetic disorders Amniocentesis Drawing a small amount of amniotic fluid from the sac surrounding an unborn baby (fetus) Chromosomes of cells from the fluid can be examined under microscope twins Fraternal twins (dizygotic) 2 separate ova are fertilized at same time Can be same or different sex Identical twins (monozygotic) Develop from single zygote (fertilized ovum) Always the same sex Can occur up to 12 days after conception Identical twins - monozygotic One fertilized egg splits into two separate people-with the same genes- A natural clone Fraternal Twin –Dizygotic Two – or more eggs which are fertilized by two or more sperm cells No more alike than any other brother or sister Others (include) Muscular dystrophy Huntington disease Cystic fibrosis Hemophila (sex linked) Sex-linked traits Traits that are usually carried on X chromosome Females less like to inherit Have XX X carries other genes besides feminine traits Recessive genes are hidden by dominant genes of other X Males more likely to inherit Y carries mostly masculine traits Cannot override genes carried on X Sex Linked traits Pedigrees – page 119 Inherited diseases sickle cell anemia Co dominant gene Caused by mutation of gene for hemoglobin (red pigment in red blood cells that carries O2 Over time, affected cells become rigid & crescentshaped Sickle cell disease/anemia Sex Determining Chromosomes Noted different shapes of sex chromosomes: X, Y Female = XX Male = XY Male/Female XX = normal female XY = normal male Sperm determines sex of the individual X seems to be essential for life No one has been born without at least one X chromosome Abnormalities of inheriting sex chromosomes X0 = female in appearance XXY = male in appearance Both are sterile – not able to have children (There are other abnormalities) (XYY for example) Glowing Plant: Natural Lighting without Electricity