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Chapter 14: Menelian Genetics Objectives 1. Understand the two laws Mendel came up with 2. Understand the laws of probability associated with Mendalian Genetics 3. You will know that inheritance is more complicated then what Mendel predicted 4. Many human traits follow Mendelian Genetics patterns Why Pea Plants? 1. Peas have different characters or traits like color that were distinct 2. Short generations 3. Large number of offspring 4. Could control pollination 5. Picked true breeding plants (All selfpollinated offspring have same traits) 6. He could cross pollinate or hybridize two true breeding parental generations 7. He could gather good data on the First and second generations Conclusion 1. Traits occur in different versions called alleles Mendel’s Conclusions Conclusion 2. An organism inherits one allele from mom and one from dad. Conclusion 4. “Law of Segregation” Two alleles segregate separately during meiosis into different haploid sex cells. Conclusion 3. Alleles can be either dominant or recessive with the recessive only being expressed in a homozygous “Law of Independent Assortment” -Pairs of alleles or genes segregate independently from other allele pairs -Law doesn’t apply to genes that are located near each other on the same chromosome Probability Complex Genetics Problems use both multiplication and addition Monohybrid Cross = one character Hair Color 1. Genotypic Ratios A a A AA Aa Aa = 2/4 a Aa aa aa = ¼ AA = ¼ Use multiplying ratios or the punnet square Pp = ___/4 Eye Color b b B b Bb bb Bb bb Three characters (Flower color, Seed color, and Pod shape) are considered in a cross between two pea plants (PpYyIi X ppYyii) What fraction of offspring would be predicted to be homozygous recessive for at least two of the three characters Genotypic pp = ___/4 Possible Genotypes Ratios YY = ___/4 1. Yy = ___/4 2. BB = 0 yy = ___/4 3. Bb = 2/4 Ii = ___/4 4. bb = 2/4 Ii = ___/4 5. 1. What is the probability of getting an offspring that is homozygous recessive for both traits? 2. What is the probability of getting an offspring that expresses both dominant phenotypes? Trihybrid Cross Multiplication Rule: States multiplication is used to determine the probability of two or more independent events will occur at the same time Addition Rule: States addition is used to determine the probability of one of two or more events occuring. Complex Inheritance Patterns 1. Degrees of Dominance (Read p. 272 “Relationship between…”) a. Complete (Normal Dominant vs Recessive) b. Incomplete (Heterozygous and neither allele is completely dominant c. Codominance (Both alleles are expressed equally) 2. Multiple alleles 3. Pleiotropy – Gene codes for more then one phenotype 4. Two or more genes code for same phenotype Multiple genes coding for one trait Polygenic Inheritance Epistasis - One gene can alter the expression of other genes -Quantitative characters or amount of alleles determines color