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14.1: Human Chromosomes: 1. What is a genome? 2. What is a karyotype and what can it show you? How many pairs of chromosomes in a human? 3. Why do your chromosomes come in pairs? Which numbered pair determines our gender? What are the female sex chromosomes? Male? 4. All human egg cells have what sex chromosome? What about human sperm cells? Which cell, then, determines the sex of the next offspring? What are the chances of having a boy or a girl for each pregnancy? 1. The full set of genetic information in an organism’s DNA 2. Photograph of all chromosomes in a body cell. Abnormalities in chromosome number or shape. 23 pairs in human 3. One of each pair from ea. parent. 23rd pr. male=XY female=XX 4. eggs have X. sperm have X OR Y. sperm cell determines X X gender. 50/50 X XX Y XY 5. How many genes are on the X chromosome? The Y chromosome? Name three genetic 5. 1200 genes on X. conditions linked to the X chromosome. Y has 140 genes. Color blindness, hemophilia, 6. The most important gene on the Y chromosomemuscular dystrophy which determines “male6. Testis-determining factor ness” is the __? XX XY 7. chromosome #1-22. 22 pairs. 44 total 7. What is an autosome? How many pairs are there in a human body cell? How many autosomes total in a human body cell? 8. What traits does the MC1R gene code for? What will recessive alleles of this gene show? What will dominant alleles show? 9. What is the Rhesus factor? How does it help determine blood type? 10. What is co-dominance and give an example 8. hair and eye color. recessive = red and blonde. dominant = darker hair 9. another protein on cell membrane of RBC’s. Dominant trait. Letter and Rh factor 10. Two dominant alleles. AB blood type 11. Describe the genes of someone with AB- blood type. 12. How many alleles are involved in human blood type? 11. His blood cell membranes have the A protein and the B protein but lack the Rh protein. Can this person get a transfusion of AB+ blood? why/why not? 12. 3 13. On what chromosome are sex-linked genes located? Give an example 13. X chromosome. Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy. Sex-linked genotypes and crosses….. 14. What gender shows sexlinked traits more often and why is that? 14. Males show sex-linked traits more frequently. They only have one X. If there is an abnormal, recessive allele on their one and only X, they will show that condition. 15. What question did British geneticist Mary Lyon answer about the X chromosome? What did she find out? 16. How do you explain this phenomenon in a calico cat? 17. What is a Barr body? 15. If one X was good enough for males, how do females adjust to having two? One X chromosome is highly coiled into a Barr body…all the genes are switched off, leaving only 1 X chromosome active 16. Gene for coat color spots is on the X. Those cells whose active X has allele for black fur will have black spots. Other cells whose active X has orange coat color, will have orange spots. 18. we’d have a mosaic 18. If the genes for human of different colored skin skin color were located on patches the X chromosome (and thank God they are not), what would that mean for the appearance of the human female? 19. Male calico’s have spots of only 19. How can you tell a female one color (orange or calico cat from a male black) Females calico cat by the coat have patches of appearance? both colors 20. What is a pedigree, and what do the following symbols indicate: circle, square, horizontal line, vertical line, shaded symbol, white symbol? 21. What does a pedigree show you? In figure 14-7, the pedigree shows the dominant trait of a white hair flock in humans. 22. What is the genotype of anyone with a “white” symbol on the chart? 23. How is it possible to apply Mendel’s principles of genetics through pedigree analysis? 20. a genetic family tree. circle = female, square = male, horizontal line = marriage, vertical line = offspring, shaded = trait seen, white = trait not seen 1 3 8 2 5 4 9 7 6 10 11 12 21. inheritance pattern of a particular trait 22. homozygous recessive (ww) What is the genotype of 2? 3? 4? 6? 11? 12? Do we know genotype of #8? 23. Pedigree info helps to determine the nature of genes and alleles with associated traits. You can see if the trait is dominant, recessive or sex-linked